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Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences Soufiane Haddout Priya Krishnamoorthy Lakshmi Antonio Mubango Hoguane Editors Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences SeriesEditors NataliaS.Bezaeva,TheMoscowArea,Russia HeloisaHelenaGomesCoe,Niterói,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil MuhammadFarrakhNawaz,DepartmentofForestryandRangeManagement, UniversityofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan TheseriesSpringerProceedingsinEarthandEnvironmentalSciencespublishesproceed- ingsfromscholarlymeetingsandworkshopsonalltopicsrelatedtoEnvironmentaland EarthSciencesandrelatedsciences.Thisseriesconstitutesacomprehensiveup-to-date sourceofreferenceonafieldorsubfieldofrelevanceinEarthandEnvironmentalSci- ences.Inadditiontoanoverallevaluationoftheinterest,scientificquality,andtimeliness ofeachproposalatthehandsofthepublisher,individualcontributionsareallrefereed tothehighqualitystandardsofleadingjournalsinthefield.Thus,thisseriesprovides theresearchcommunitywithwell-edited,authoritativereportsondevelopmentsinthe mostexcitingareasofenvironmentalsciences,earthsciencesandrelatedfields. Soufiane Haddout · Priya Krishnamoorthy Lakshmi · Antonio Mubango Hoguane Editors Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy Editors SoufianeHaddout PriyaKrishnamoorthyLakshmi DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience DepartmentofCivilEngineering IbnTofailUniversity TKMCollegeofEngineering Kenitra,Morocco Kollam,Kerala,India AntonioMubangoHoguane CentreforMarineResearchandTechnology EduardoMondlaneUniversity Quelimane,Mozambique ISSN 2524-342X ISSN 2524-3438 (electronic) SpringerProceedingsinEarthandEnvironmentalSciences ISBN 978-3-031-26966-0 ISBN 978-3-031-26967-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26967-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense toSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Oneofthemainobjectivesofthisbookisto presentselectedpapersfromthe1st International ConferenceonClimateChange andOceanRenewableEnergy(CCORE-2022), whichfocusesonclimatechangeandocean renewableenergyresearch.Thisbookcontains themostcutting-edgeresearchdirectionsand achievementsregardingclimatechangeandthe environment(resources,energy,etc.).Allthe papershavebeensubjectedthroughrigorous reviewprocesstomeettherequirementsof international publication standard. Preface The 1st International Conference on Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy (CCORE 2022) was held virtually on November 5, 2022, due to the outbreak of the global pandemic (COVID-19). There are many restrictions and regulations that have beenimposedoncountriesaroundtheworld,sothevirtualconferencewasarrangedin compliancewiththem.ToavoidphysicalcontactspreadingtheCOVID-19,suchrestric- tionswereputinplace.Therewereover30presentationsduringtheonlineconference, representedmanycountriesincluding:Morocco,India,Croatia,Bangladesh,Philippine, UK,US,Mozambique,Singapore,Indonesian,Kazakhstan,andTurkey. AkeyfeatureofCCORE2022wastheopportunityforacademicsandengineersto exchangeideasandpresentresearchfindingsrelatedtooceanrenewableenergyandcli- matechange.Thisconferencewillprovideanexcellentopportunitytoupdateknowledge inthesefields.Thereweretwosessionsattheconferencewithkeynotespeakers,oralpre- sentations,andanonlinediscussionboard.Inthefirstpart,keynotespeakerswereeach allocated30–45mintoholdtheirspeeches.Elevenexpertresearcherswereinvitedfrom manycountriestodeliverthekeynotespeeches:Dr.NoemiVergopolanfromPrinceton University-USA, Dr. Philipp Thies from University of Exeter-UK, Dr. Mary Ann Quirapas-FrancofromEnergyStudiesInstitute,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Dr. SonyJuniantofromElectronicEngineeringPolytechnicInstituteofSurabaya(EEPIS), Indonesia, Dr.Zhansaya Bolatova fromAlmaty University of Power Engineering and Communication, Kazakhstan, Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati from Universitas Diponegoro-Indonesia,Dr.GökçenUysal,fromEskis¸ehirTechnicalUniversity-Turkey, Dr.SametÖztürkfromBursaTechnicalUniversity-Turkey,Dr.SurendranUdayarPillai fromCentreforWaterResourcesDevelopmentandManagement-India,Dr.Nagababu Garlapati from Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University-India, and Dr. Omar Farrok fromAhsanullahUniversityofScienceandTechnology- Bangladesh. Theirinsightful speecheshadtriggeredheateddiscussionsinthebothsessionsoftheconference.Then inthesecondpart,faculty,scientists,andresearchscholarsweregivenabout5–10min toperformtheiroralpresentations.Everyparticipantapplaudedthisconferencefordis- seminating useful and insightful knowledge in the field of climate change and ocean energy. Theproceedingsisacompilationoftheacceptedpapersandrepresentsaninteresting outcome of the conference. Topics include but are not limited to the following areas: climate change impacts on Ocean renewable energy, renewable energy technologies (e.g., coastal and offshore wind, waves, tides, ocean currents, salinity gradient power, impact of climate change on water resources and river management, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), hydro power systems (HPS), etc.), global environmental change and ecosystems management, prediction modeling and decision support tools, physicaloceanography,hydrologyandclimatechange,andotherrelatedtopics.Allthe papers have been subjected through rigorous review process tomeetthe requirements of international publication standard. We would like to acknowledge all of those who viii Preface supported CCORE 2022. The help and contribution of each individual and institution wereinstrumentalinthesuccessoftheconference.Inparticular,wewouldliketothank theorganizingcommitteeforitsvaluableinputsinshapingtheconferenceprogramand reviewingthesubmittedpapers.WesincerelyhopethattheCCORE2022turnedoutto beaforumforexcellentdiscussionsthatenablednewideastocomeabout,promoting collaborativeresearch.Weareconfidentthattheproceedingswillhelpcreatenewtech- nologiesnotonlythroughscientificandengineeringdiscoveries,butalsobyproviding uniqueresearchreferences. TheCommitteeofCCORE2022 Committee Members HonorCommittee Prof.MikeElliott isDirectorofInternationalEstuarine&CoastalSpecialists(IECS) Ltd. and also Professor of Estuarine and Coastal Sciences at the University of Hull, UK. He was Director of the former Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) at the university from 1996 to 2017. He is Marine Biologist with a wide experience and interests, and his teaching, research, advisory, and consultancy include estuarine andmarineecology,policy,governance,andmanagement.Mikehaspublishedwidely, co-authoring/co-editing 20 books/proceedings, and >300 scientific publications. This includes co-authoring ‘The Estuarine Ecosystem: ecology, threats and management’ (with DS McLusky, OUP, 2004), ‘Ecology of Marine Sediments: science to management’(withJSGray,OUP,2009),and‘EstuarineEcohydrology:anintroduction’(with EWolanski,Elsevier,2015).HewasEditorandContributortothe‘CoastsandEstuar- ies: the Future’ (Wolanski, Day, Elliott and Ramachandran; Elsevier, 2019), Fish and FisheriesinEstuaries(Whitfield,Able,Blaber&Elliott;Wiley,2022),andtheTreatise onEstuarine&CoastalScience(Eds.-In-Chief-EWolanski&DSMcLusky,Elsevier). He has advised on many environmental matters for academia, industry, government, andstatutorybodiesworldwide.Mikeispast-PresidentoftheinternationalEstuarine& CoastalSciencesAssociation(ECSA)andisnowVice-ChairofFutureEarthCoastsand Co-Editor-in-ChiefoftheinternationaljournalEstuarine,Coastal&ShelfScience;he currentlyisorhashadAdjunctProfessorandResearchpositionsatMurdochUniversity (Perth), Klaipeda University (Lithuania), the University of Palermo (Italy), Xiamen University (China), and the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. He was awardedLaureateoftheHonoraryWinbergMedal2014oftheRussianHydrobiological AcademicSociety.HeisalsoMemberofmanynationalandinternationalcommittees linkingmarinesciencetopolicy. Prof. David Bowers is Emeritus Professor of Physical Oceanography at Bangor University in the UK. He studied Physics at Manchester at the tail end of the 1960s and came to oceanography as a mature student during an oil crisis in the mid-1970s. HeobtainedhisMastersandPhDdegreesattheUniversityCollegeofNorthWalesand workedonPostdocatFlindersUniversityinAustraliabeforetakingupapostasLecturer atBangor.Heretiredin2016asHeadofphysicaloceanographyatBangorwithacareer researching tides, turbulence, particle flocculation, and marine optics. He has written severalbooksandiscurrentlyfinishingapopularscienceaccountoftheoceanography ofshelfseas. x CommitteeMembers OrganizingCommittee K.L.Priya TKMCollegeofEngineering,India S.Haddout IbnTofailUniversity,Morocco JoanCeciliaC.Casila UniversityofthePhilippinesLosBaños, Philippines I.Ljubenkov WaterDevelopment,Croatia A.M.Hoguane EduardoMondlaneUniversity,Mozambique ScientificAdvisoryBoard D.G.Bowers UniversiteofBangor,UK D.Abessa SãoPauloStateUniversity(UNESP),Brazil F.Matic InstituteofOceanographyandFisheries-Split, Croatia V.Baiju TKMCollegeofEngineeringKollam,India K.R.Renjith CentreforWaterResourcesDevelopmentand Management,India C.C.Boaventura EduardoMondlaneUniversity,Mozambique M.A.Quirapas-Franco AquateraAsiaPteLtd.,Singapore S.Junianto ElectronicEngineeringPolytechnicInstituteof Surabaya,Indonesian Z.Bolatova AlmatyUniversityofPowerEngineeringand Communication,Kazakhstan RonaldoB.Saludes UniversityofthePhilippinesLosBaños, Philippines Y.Haddout IbnZohrUniversity,Morocco A.Rafiki IbnZohrUniversity,Morocco E.Essaghir HassanIIUniversity,Morocco D.Elemam DamiettaUniversity,Egypt DecibelV.Faustino-Eslava UniversityofthePhilippines,LosBaños,Laguna, Philippines G.T.Gimiliani SãoPauloStateUniversity(UNESP),Brazil GarlapatiNagababu PanditDeendayalEnergyUniversity,India TriRetnaningsihSoeprobowati UniversitasDiponegoro,Indonesia GökçenUysal Eskis¸ehirTechnicalUniversity,Turkey A.Haddout IbnTofailUniversity,Morocco S.Mesbaholdin IslamicAzadUniversity,Iran