Climate Change and Non-Infectious Fish Disorders. PDF
Preview Climate Change and Non-Infectious Fish Disorders.
Climate Change and Non-infectious Fish Disorders Climate Change and Non-infectious Fish Disorders Edited by Patrick T.K. Woo University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada and George K. Iwama Quest University Canada, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 745 Atlantic Avenue Wallingford 8th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 (617)682-9015 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. ISBN-13: 978 1 78639 398 2 (hardback) 978 1 78639 399 9 (ePDF) 978 1 78639 400 2 (ePub) Commissioning Editor: Caroline Makepeace Editorial Assistant: Emma McCann Production Editor: Shankari Wilford Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Patrick T.K. Woo and George K. Iwama PART I: CLIMATE CHANGE 1 A n Overview with Discussions on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems in North America 1 Kevin B. Strychar and Paul W. Sammarco 2 Tropical Marine and Brackish Ecosystems 25 Jani T.I. Tanzil, Seng Keat Ooi, Serene H.X. Tay, Yan Xiang Ow, Siew Chin Chua, Esther Clews, Annette Bolton, Srivatsan Raghavan and Shie-Yui Liong PART II: DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FISH DISORDERS 3 Skeletal Abnormalities 54 Clara Boglione 4 Neoplasms 80 Akinyi C. Nyaoke 5 Feeding and its Regulation 87 Hélène Volkoff 6 Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders 102 Rune Waagbø, Pål A. Olsvik and Sofie C. Remø 7 Behaviour including Fish Migration 125 Robert J. Lennox, Jacob W. Brownscombe, Chris K. Elvidge, Philip Harrison, Kathryn Peiman, Graham D. Raby and Steven J. Cooke 8 Stress in Response to Environmental Changes 136 Erin Faught, Juan Hernandez-Perez, Jonathan M. Wilson and Mathilakath M. Vijayan 9 Ionic Regulation 163 Jonathan M. Wilson and Pedro M. Guerreiro 10 Excess Dissolved Gases including Gas Bubble Disease 190 Sveinung Fivelstad, Asbjørn Bergheim, Rune Waagbø, Anne Berit Olsen and John Colt 11 The Immune System: Effects of Water Temperature and Acidification 218 Willem B. Van Muiswinkel Index 237 v Contributors Note: corresponding authors are indicated by an asterisk. Asbjørn Bergheim, IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger AS, PO Box 8046, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Clara Boglione,* Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy. E-mail: boglione@ uniroma2.it Annette Bolton, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Jacob W. Brownscombe, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Current address: Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B4H 4R2. E-mail: [email protected] Siew Chin Chua, Ridge View Residential College, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: siew- [email protected] Esther Clews, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: tmsec@ nus.edu.sg John Colt, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd, East Seattle, WA 98112, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Steven J. Cooke, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Chris K. Elvidge, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Current address: Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland 80101. E-mail: [email protected] Erin Faught, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Sveinung Fivelstad,* Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, PO Box 7030, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Pedro M. Guerreiro, Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] Philip Harrison, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Current address: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2H 3G1, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Juan Hernandez-Perez, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] George K. Iwama,* Quest University Canada, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada. E-mail: george.iwama@ questu.ca Robert J. Lennox,* Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Current address: Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) Environment, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Shie-Yui Liong, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: [email protected] Akinyi C. Nyaoke,* California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA. E-mail: [email protected] vii Anne Berit Olsen, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Bergen, PO Box 1263 Sentrum, N-5811 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Pål A. Olsvik, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; and Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Seng Keat Ooi, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: sk. [email protected] Yan Xiang Ow, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: [email protected] Kathryn Peiman, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Graham D. Raby, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Current address: Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 2601 Union St, Windsor, Ontario N3B 3P4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Srivatsan Raghavan, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: [email protected] Sofie C. Remø, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Paul W. Sammarco, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON), 8124 Hwy. 56, Chauvin, LA 70344-2110, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Kevin B. Strychar,* Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441-1678, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Jani T.I. Tanzil,* Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: jani. [email protected] Serene H.X. Tay, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: [email protected] Willem B. Van Muiswinkel,* Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands. E-mail: willem.vanmuiswin- [email protected] Mathilakath M. Vijayan,* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Hélène Volkoff,* Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University, Newfoundland and Labrador, St John’s, Newfoundland A1B3X9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Rune Waagbø,* Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: rune. [email protected] Jonathan M. Wilson,* Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Patrick T.K. Woo,* Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] viii Contributors Preface Credible evidence on climate change with global warming is rapidly accumulating, and interpretations of available data are not disputed by reputable scientists. The aquatic environment (e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans) is greatly affected, and major contributors to climate change are carbon dioxide (CO ; e.g. from the extensive 2 use of fossil fuels in transportation, by industries) and methane (CH ; e.g. from the gas and oil industry, from 4 agricultural activities including large-scale breeding and raising of livestock for food) released into the atmos- phere. These ‘greenhouse gases’ trap heat radiating from the Earth and thus raise the environmental tempera- ture. Also, dissolved atmospheric CO in the water not only acidifies aquatic ecosystems it also decreases the 2 amount of dissolved oxygen at higher temperatures. This may lead to hypoxic conditions for many aquatic organisms including fish. Other negative effects associated with global warming include: (i) prolonged droughts often associated with widespread forest fires in some regions; (ii) heavier than usual rainfalls with high winds in other areas; (iii) changes in wind severity and patterns; and (iv) the increase and more rapid melting of glaciers and the North and South Poles, elevating sea levels which can modify ocean currents and salinities as well as alter aquatic food webs and the composition of animal communities. Many of these changes directly affect aquatic organisms including their development, physiology, behaviour, health and migration patterns. The United Nations ‘2015 Paris Agreement’on climate change was signed by nearly 200 countries, and an important part of the pledge was to reduce the output of greenhouse gases as soon as possible so that global warming would be less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. At present, it is about 1°C and is expected to rise to 3°C or higher if we continue with our current energy policies. The recent ‘2018 UN Special Report’ tabled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; prepared by 91 authors and review editors from 40 countries) indicates that the ‘Paris Agreement’ needs modifications. Many of the negative impacts due to global warming would be reduced at 1.5°C compared to at 2°C or higher. Limiting warming to 1.5°C is now considered possible especially if we make concerted efforts to integrate and implement most, if not all, of the IPCC recommendations. The lower temperature increase would provide us with more time: (i) to reduce the output of CO (e.g. by industries and in transportation to use less-polluting fuels, by national 2 governments to impose a global ‘carbon tax’); (ii) to provide incentives for the development of ‘cleaner’ fuels, and for research into renewable and sustainable energy; (iii) to develop novel and practical strategies for removal and storage of atmospheric CO ; and (iv) for aquatic organisms and ecosystems to adapt to changes 2 in the environment. The other important greenhouse gas is CH but the amount of atmospheric CH is significantly lower than 4 4 CO . However, scientists are beginning to be concerned about the gas as a CH molecule traps more heat 2 4 than a CO molecule. Also, the amount in the atmosphere continues to rise rapidly due to various anthropo- 2 genic activities and the concentration of the gas has doubled since the year 1800. One suggestion is that it be converted into and be removed as CO . 2 There are simple lifestyle changes we can make to reduce our individual carbon footprint. We suggest focusing on two changes because they are within our control and consequently are achievable. Collectively, these actions (also suggested by others at various times) will have significant impact on reducing emissions of the two greenhouse gases. They are to reduce unnecessary travel (by cars and/or planes) and modify our preference from an essentially red-meat diet to either a plant-based or a fish-based diet. Animal protein is an important component in a well-balanced diet for humans. Fish is an excellent and affordable protein for about 4.2 billion people, and we expect the demand for it will continue to increase as our global population grows. However, the information we have on the effects of environmental changes on fish and on its disorders/diseases are scattered in numerous specialized journals and reports. Consequently, ix
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