Climate Change and Mycotoxins

509 Pages·2015·7.623 MB·English

by  Luis M. Botana, María J. Sainz

Botana,Louzao,Vilariño(Eds.)
ClimateChangeandMarineandFreshwaterToxins
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Climate Change and Marine
and Freshwater Toxins
|
Edited by
Luis M. Botana, M. Carmen Louzao and Natalia Vilariño
Editors
Prof.LuisM.Botana
UniversidaddeSantiagodeCompostela
FacultaddeVeterinaria
DepartamentodeFarmacología
27002Lugo,Spain
[email protected]
Prof.M.CarmenLouzao
UniversidaddeSantiagodeCompostela
FacultaddeVeterinaria
DepartamentodeFarmacología
27002Lugo,Spain
[email protected]
Prof.NataliaVilariño
UniversidaddeSantiagodeCompostela
FacultaddeVeterinaria
DepartamentodeFarmacología
27002Lugo,Spain
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-033303-9
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-033359-6
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-038261-7
Set-ISBN978-3-11-033360-2
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Preface
Climatechangeanditsfar-reachingimpactscompelustoquestionthevaluewegive
tonatureandthehumanrelationshipwithit.Watertouchesmanysubjectareasthat
areimportantinourdailylives.Atsomepointitinfluenceswhatweeatanddrink,and
howweaccessit.Therefore,wedecidedtoeditabookonclimatechangeandwater
toxinsthatincludesclimatetrendsandeffects,physicochemicalmeasurements,water
qualityparameters,marineandfreshwatertoxins,toxindetection,phytoplanktonand
zooplankton,invertebratesandfish.
Thereisnohistoricalrecordtocomparetheamountsoftoxinsexistentnowanda
centuryormoreago.Toxinsareidentifiableasaresultofmodernscience,andthereby
theirpresence,structureorlevelsinfoodhaveonlybeenknownforashorttime.The
useofmassspectrometersisratherrecent,andtheexistenceofcertifiedstandards
only goes back a few years. Therefore, it is very complex to establish a solid link,
usingthescientificmethod,betweenclimatechangeandtoxins.Butitisclearthat
something is happening – not only because modern technology allows us to track
thechangeseasily,butalsobecausethetrendisthatmoreanddifferenttoxinsare
appearinginnewlocationsandproducts.
Althoughclimatechangeisfrequentlyrelatedtoextremeweatherepisodesand
risingsealevelsinthemedia,alesserknownfactisthatnewtoxinswillappearin
areasandproductswheretheypresentlydonotoccur.
Despitethefactthatscientificevidencemaynotalwaysbeavailabletoproveor
disproveperceivedpotentialharmsofclimatechangeandtheirlinkswithtoxins,this
bookoffersquantitativecompellingevidenceofthemanycomplexinteractionsthat
mustbeconsideredfromprimarytoxinproducersupthefoodchaintohumans.
Inthecaseofmarinetoxins,althoughballastwater,internationaltrade,etc.may
be a source of new intoxications and blooms, it is very clear that some regions are
hotspotsformanycompounds.Likewise,eutrophicationoflakesisasourceofcyano-
bacterialblooms.TheUShadneverhadadiarrheicepisodeuntilTexaswitnessedone
afewyearsago.Europehadneverhadatetrodotoxinintoxicationfromshellfishuntil
afewyearsago,ciguatoxinintoxicationsarebecomingfrequentafteringestionoffish
fromtheSouthernEuropeanAtlanticOcean,andaerosolswithostreocinfromGam-
bierdiscusarenowaprobleminMediterraneanbeacheseveryyear.Asimilarproblem
isbeingobservedinfreshwater,astheexpansionofcyanobacteriaandtheirtoxinshas
becomeaworldwideproblem;thisaddstothedeleteriouseffectofhumanpollution
indrinkingwater.Somethingishappeningthatwasnotpreviouslyreportedandmay
beexplainedbyincreasedwatertemperaturesinbothlakesandseas.
Thisbookintendstocoverthemainaspectsofthepossiblerelationbetweencli-
matechangeandfreshwaterandmarinetoxins:predictionmodelsandmanagement
ofharmfulalgalblooms;influenceonfoodsecurityandfoodproduction;legislation;
drinkingwaterandcyanobacteriablooms;andsexchangeintoxinvectors.Thislast
VI | Preface
topic,sexchange,servesasanintroductiontoanewareaofresearch–theroleof
climatechangeinbasicphysiologicalprocesses.Verylittleinformationiscurrently
availableonthissubject.
This book has brought together a group of international experts. Contributing
authorsexpandtheframeworkofpossibilitiesforappropriateassessmentofclimate
changeimpactsonmarineandfreshwatertoxins,whichinturndirectlyimpactsthe
naturalenvironment,humanhealthandsustainability.
The bookis anexcellent introduction to this complex topic or a usefulsupple-
menttocoursesinthefieldofecotoxicology.Inshort,itisamust-readbookforall
whoareinterestedintoxinsandhowclimaticconditionscanmodifythem–fromthe
generalpublicorstudentstotoxicologists,foodtechnologists,pharmacologists,ana-
lyticalchemists,ecologists,biologists,veterinariansandphysicians.
Last,andbynomeansleast,wewishtothankalltheauthors.Theywerenotonly
verygenerouswiththeirtime,theywerealsoboldenoughtocommittowriteachapter
onanespeciallydifficulttopicandusetheirprestigiousnamesintheirchapters.For
this,wearegreatlythankfultoallofthem.Wehopethebookhelpsinunderstand-
ingthepotentialriskscausedbyclimateinoneparticularlysensitivearea:foodand
drinkingwater.
Contents
Preface|V
Listofcontributingauthors|XV
JosefinoC.Comiso
1 Variabilityandtrendsofglobalseaicecoverandsealevel:
effectsonphysicochemicalparameters|1
1.1 Introduction|1
1.2 Variabilityandtrendsofglobalseaice|2
1.2.1 ArcticRegion|5
1.2.2 AntarcticRegion|8
1.3 Variabilityandtrendsinsealevel|12
1.3.1 Contributionsfromwarmingoceans|13
1.3.2 Contributionsfromglaciers,icesheetsandothers|15
1.4 Effectsonphysicochemicalparameters|19
1.4.1 Large-scalechangesinsurfacetemperature|19
1.4.2 Large-scalechangesinplanktonconcentrationandprimary
productivity|20
1.4.3 Changesinotherphysicochemicalparameters|26
1.5 Discussionandconclusions|29
BegoñaEspiña,MartaPrado,StephanieVial,VerónicaC.Martins,JoséRivas,and
PauloP.Freitas
2 Newtechniquesinenvironmentmonitoring|35
2.1 Introduction|35
2.2 Insituharmfulalgalbloommonitoring|36
2.2.1 Opticalremotesensing|36
2.2.2 Automatedmonitoring|38
2.2.3 HABssamplingbasedonabsorption|42
2.3 Liquidchromatographyandmassspectrometry|44
2.4 BiosensorsforHABsmonitoring|46
2.4.1 Opticalbiosensors|49
2.4.2 Electrochemicalbiosensors|51
2.4.3 Massbiosensors|51
2.4.4 Magnetic-basedbiosensors|52
2.5 AdvancesinnanotechnologyforHABdetection|53
2.5.1 Nanoparticles|54
2.5.2 Analyticalnano-applications|55
2.6 Molecularbiology-basedtechniquesforHABsdetection|64
VIII | Contents
2.6.1 Overview|64
2.6.2 DNA/RNAtargets|65
2.6.3 Hybridization-basedtechniques|70
2.6.4 Amplification-basedtechniques|72
2.6.5 Aptamersfortoxindetection|75
2.7 Futureperspectives|76
MikkoNikinmaaandKatjaAnttila
3 Responsesofmarineanimalstooceanacidification|99
3.1 Introduction|99
3.2 Whatcausesoceanacidification|99
3.2.1 Effectofatmosphericcarbondioxideloading|100
3.2.2 Influenceofprimaryproduction|101
3.2.3 Carbonbalanceincoastalareas|101
3.2.4 Interactionsbetweentemperaturechangesand
oceanacidification|102
3.3 Processesofanimalsthatareexpectedtobeaffected|102
3.3.1 pHregulation|102
3.3.2 Calcification|107
3.3.3 Development|108
3.3.4 Oxygentransportandmetabolism|110
3.3.5 Behavior|114
3.4 Conclusions|115
ShaunaMurray,UweJohn,andAnkeKremp
4 Alexandriumspp.:geneticandecologicalfactorsinfluencingsaxitoxin
productionandproliferation|125
4.1 Introduction|125
4.2 Alexandriumtaxonomy,phylogeneticsandspeciesevolution|126
4.3 Whataresaxitoxins?|129
4.3.1 Whichspeciesproducesaxitoxins?|130
4.3.2 Thesxtgenesindinoflagellates|131
4.4 EcologicalfactorsinfluencingAlexandriumspp.proliferation
andtoxicity|133
4.4.1 Theroleofecophysiologicaladaptationsinecologyandbloom
formationofAlexandriumlifecycles|133
4.4.2 Mixotrophicnutrition|133
4.4.3 Allelopathy|134
4.5 EffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonAlexandriumproliferation
andtoxicity|135
4.5.1 Nutrients|135
4.5.2 Temperature|135
Contents | IX
4.5.3 CO2|138
4.5.4 Salinity|139
4.6 Adaptationtochangingclimateconditions|141
SusannaA.Wood,JonathanPuddick,HugoBorges,DanielR.Dietrich,and
DavidP.Hamilton
5 Potentialeffectsofclimatechangeoncyanobacterial
toxinproduction|155
5.1 Introduction|155
5.1.1 Microcystinsandnodularins|156
5.1.2 Cylindrospermopsins|157
5.1.3 Saxitoxins|157
5.1.4 Anatoxin-aandhomo-anatoxin-a|157
5.1.5 Anatoxin-a(S)|158
5.1.6 Lipopolysaccharides(LPS)|158
5.2 Effectsofclimatechangeoncommontoxinproducingspecies|159
5.2.1 Microcystis|160
5.2.2 Cylindrospermopsis|161
5.2.3 Dolichospermum|161
5.2.4 Planktothrix|162
5.2.5 Phormidium|163
5.3 Effectsofclimatechangeontoxinregulation|164
5.3.1 Microcystins|164
5.3.2 Nodularins|166
5.3.3 Cylindrospermopsins|166
5.3.4 Saxitoxins|167
5.3.5 Anatoxins|167
5.4 Climatechangeanditseffectoncyanobacteriaandtoxinproduction
inPolarenvironments|168
5.5 Conclusions|170
GustaafM.Hallegraeff
6 Harmfulmarinealgalbloomsandclimatechange:progressonaformidable
predictivechallenge|181
6.1 Introduction|181
6.2 Algalbloomrangeextensionsandclimatechange|182
6.3 Rangeextensionsfurtheraidedbyshipballastwatertransport|184
6.4 Theformidablechallengeofpredictingphytoplankton
communityresponses|187
6.5 Wecanlearnfromthefossilrecord,long-termplanktonrecordsand
decadalscaleclimateevents|188
6.6 Mitigationofthelikelyimpactonseafoodsafety|188