Climate Change and American Foreign Policy PDF
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Climate Change and American Foreign Policy Climate Change and American Foreign Policy Edited by Paul C. Harris palgrave macmillan CLIMATE CHANGE AND AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Copyright © Paul G. Harris 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Paperback edition published 2016. First published in hardcover 2000 by St. Martin’s Press. The author has asserted his right to be identifi ed as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN: 978–1–137–57253–0 E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–12080–9 DOI: 10.1057/9781137120809 Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Climate change and American foreign policy / edited by Paul G. Harris. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Climate changes—Government policy—United states. 2. United States—Foreign relations. I. Harris, Paul. G. QC981.8.C51138 2000 363.738(cid:2)747—dc21 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. Contents Contributors vii Preface IX Preface to the Paperback Edition Xl I Introduction Chapter 1 Climate Change and American Foreign Policy: An Introduction -Paul G. Hams 3 n Critiquing U.S. Climate Change Policy Chapter 2 Climate Change: Is the United States Sharing the Burden?-Paul G. Harris 29 Chapter 3 Upholding the "Island of High Modernity": The Changing Climate of American Foreign Policy -Peter Doran 51 m Politics of U.S. Climate Change Policy Chapter 4 Governing Climate Change Policy: From Scientific Obscurity to Foreign Policy Prominence -Jacob Park 73 Chapter 5 From the Inside Out: Domestic Influences on Global Environmental Policy-Neil E. Hamson 89 Chapter 6 Congress and the Politics of Climate Change -Gary Bryner 111 Chapter 7 Regulation Theory and Climate Change Policy -Andreas Missbach 131 Chapter 8 International Policy Instrument Prominence in the Climate Change Debate-Karen Fisher-Vanden 151 Chapter 9 Regime Effectiveness,Joint Implementation, and Climate Change Policy-jo/Xe Antunes 177 IV International Nonns and u.s. Climate Change Policy Chapter 10 The United States and the Evolution of International Climate Change Norms-Michele M. Betsill 205 Chapter 11 International Norms of Responsibility and U.S. Climate Change Policy-Paul G. Harris 225 Notes 241 Index 299 Contributors JORGE ANTUNES is deputy head of unit in "Economic analysis" at the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission. MICHELE M. BETSILL is professor in the Department of Political Science at Colorado State University. GARY BRYNER was professor of Political Science at Brigham Young University. PETER DORAN is lecturer in the School of Law at the Queen's University Belfast. KAREN FISHER-VANDEN is professor of Enviroml1ental and Resource Economics, College ofA gricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University. PAUL G. HARRIS is chair professor of Global and Environmental Studies at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. NEIL E. HARRISON is founder and executive director of The Sustainable Development Institute and Research Associate at the University of Denver. ANDREAS MISSBACH is head of the Commodity, Trade and Finance Department of the Berne Declaration. JACOB PARK is associate professor of Business Strategy and Sustainability at Green Mountain College, Vermont. Preface T he Project on Environmental Change and Foreign Policy at Lon don Guildhall University began in early 1998. The project began by examining environmental aspects of United States foreign pol icy. The core objectives were to show how environmental changes influ ence the American foreign policy process; to analyze the actors and institutions-both domestic and international-that constrain and shape U.S. actions on environmental issues; to understand better the central role played by the United States in international efforts to address problems of global environmental change; and to critically assess American interna tional environmental policies. Other objectives of the project are to "test the waters" of research in this field; to showcase research that has not been forced into traditional empirical, epistemological, or ontological boxes, in the expectation that new areas and issues will be illuminated; to give insight to governmental and nongovernmental practitioners and activists that may improve their understanding of environmental issues in American foreign policy; to get these ideas "onto the street" where they might have some positive effect on policy-making and scholarship; and to enlighten students and laypersons interested in international affairs, American foreign policy, and environmental protection. Two dozen scholars from several countries contributed to the Project on Environmental Change and Foreign Policy in its first two years. In achieving our initial objectives they have examined American domestic politics and foreign policy generally, international environmental diplo macy, theories and philosophies of international relations and the environ ment, and U.S. leadership in the post-Cold War world. To date the project x Preface has resulted in .two manuscripts: this volume, dedicated to understanding the place of climate change in American foreign policy; and a second vol ume, The Environment and American Foreign Policy, published by Georgetown University Press, which examines a host of environmental issues in the context of American foreign policy, ranging from ocean pollution and environmental security to whaling and environmental trade sanctions. Some of the chapters in this book will be rather controversial in their arguments and conclusions. One objective of the project has been to include--or at least not exclude-alternative perspectives. These less main- stream views of U.S. climate change policy often "speak" to people outside the United States, whereas the mainstream interpretations and analyses fre quendy do not. We hope that all readers learn from the work presented here, including the more unorthodox chapters. I wish to thank the authors for their important contributions to this vol ume and to the Project on Environmental Change and Foreign Policy. The contributors and I are grateful to the anonymous referees for their helpful comments, and to the kind, professional staff at St. Martin's Press, especially Ruth Mannes, for their diligence in bringing this book to readers. Paul G. Harris London, England Preface to the Paperback Edition Climate Change and American Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century W :en the first edition of Climate Change and American Foreign Policy was published in 2000, Bill Clinton was president and it was uncertain who would replace him. The main contenders in that year's presidential election were his vice president and fellow Democrat, Al Gore-a politician who had made a career of promoting environmen tal causes and had taken the lead on climate change during the Clinton administration-and George W Bush-a Republican oil executive hostile to environmental regulation and, more to the point, someone who was openly skeptical about climate change. As it happened, the November 2000 election typified today's United States, with the electorate split down the middle, leav ing political institutions in a muddle: Gore received more of the popular vote but Bush took the electoral-college vote following a controversial decision by the Supreme Court. Bush became president of a nominal democracy with out having the most support among voters, revealing just one of challenges that the American political system would pose, and still does, for U.S.leader ship in combating climate change. Indeed, so far in this century the divided Arnerican electorate has been routinely reflected in an even more divided Congress, ensuring that political institutions were routinely incapable of avoiding policy gridlock, let alone solving major problems. This is particularly true when it comes to issues-most definitely including climate change that involve industries, interest groups, and voters heavily invested in the status quo addiction to material consumption generally and fossil filelS in particular. This is not a recipe for U.S. leadership on climate change, to the frustration
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