Climate Change and Air Pollution: The Impact on Human Health in Developed and Developing Countries PDF
Preview Climate Change and Air Pollution: The Impact on Human Health in Developed and Developing Countries
Springer Climate Rais Akhtar Cosimo Palagiano Editors Climate Change and Air Pollution The Impact on Human Health in Developed and Developing Countries Springer Climate Serieseditor JohnDodson,Menai,Australia Springer Climate is an interdisciplinary book series dedicated on all climate research. This includes climatology, climate change impacts, climate change management, climate change policy, regional climate, climate monitoring and modeling, palaeoclimatology etc. The series hosts high quality research mono- graphs and edited volumes on Climate, and is crucial reading material for Researchersandstudentsinthefield,butalsopolicymakers,andindustriesdealing with climatic issues. Springer Climate books are all peer-reviewed by specialists (seeEditorialAdvisoryboard).Ifyouwishtosubmitabookprojecttothisseries, pleasecontactyourPublisher([email protected]). Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11741 Rais Akhtar • Cosimo Palagiano Editors Climate Change and Air Pollution The Impact on Human Health in Developed and Developing Countries Editors RaisAkhtar CosimoPalagiano InternationalInstituteofHealth DipartimentoDiScienzeDocumentarie, ManagementandResearch Linguistico-FilologicheeGeografiche (IIHMR) SapienzaUniversityofRome NewDelhi,India Rome,Italy ISSN2352-0698 ISSN2352-0701 (electronic) SpringerClimate ISBN978-3-319-61345-1 ISBN978-3-319-61346-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-61346-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017952378 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Of all the effects which climate change is likely to induce, perhaps none is more complex,insidious,andcapableofinflictingdirectdamageonpeople’shealththan increasing levels of air pollution. It is important to remember that even in the absenceofclimatechange,airpollution isanincreasinglyserioushealth concern. This is particularly true in urban areas. Although developed regions such as California have seen decades of progress in decreasing air pollution through mechanisms such as catalytic converters on automobiles and stricter restrictions onemissionsofparticulatepollutantsfromsourcessuchasdieselengines,theLos Angelesregionstillexceededthefederalhealthstandardforozoneduring85days in 2016. The current air pollution problems in developing megacities such as Beijing, Delhi, and Mexico City remainmoresomber. However, tofocus onlyon large cities provides an incomplete picture of the problem at hand. According to data from the World Health Organization, the Iranian city of Zabol, with a popu- lationoflessthan150,000people,hastheworld’sworstconcentrationsofPM2.5 pollutionduetodustgeneratedbythedesiccationofsurroundingwetlands.Taken together,ithasbeenestimatedthatgloballyairpollutioncontributestosomeseven millionprematuredeathseachyear. How anticipated climatic changes over the twenty-first century will effect air pollutionisclearlyofcriticalconcern.However,itisaproblemofgreatcomplexity with much local and regional variation. In some instances, warmer temperatures may attenuate local pollution by weakening atmospheric inversions. However, in the case of many large cities such as Los Angeles, higher temperatures promote increasedratesofphotochemicalsmogproduction.Decreasedhumiditymaylessen atmosphericmixing.Insemiaridregions,theincreasingsubsidenceassociatedwith stationaryhighpressuresystemsbothdecreasesthepotentialofverticaldispersion ofatmosphericpollutantsandpromoteslandscapedesiccationandtheproductionof PMthroughfiresanddust.Therewillbenosimpleglobalpredictorfortheinfluence of climate change on air pollution, nor one simple solution. One important and hopeful fact to bear in mind though is that as many of the sources of local air v vi Foreword pollution,suchasfossilfuels,arealsodriversofclimatechange,effortstodecrease airpollutantswilloftencontributetodecreasingclimatechangeandviceversa. Withthesechallengesinmind,thisvolumeisparticularlytimelyandwelcome. WithchaptersthatspaningeographiccoveragefromEuropetoAfricaandAsiaand from Australia to North America and the Caribbean, the book provides a broad coverageofmanydifferentenvironmentalandclimaticsettings.Therangeofcities, rural areas, and developed versus developing socioeconomic settings that are considered by the various authors is impressive as are the types of pollutants and health effects – including emissions from wildfires. In terms of science, the complex nature of climate change and its likely impacts on air pollution require just this type of broad analysis to begin appreciating its variability and the multi- faceted challenges of mitigation. However, it is important to remember that the solutions for decreasing the toll of climate change and associated changes in air pollutionwillnotbeenactedbyscientistsbutbypolicymakers.Inthisregard,itis goodtoseebothexplicittreatmentsofimportantpolicyinitiativessuchastheParis ClimateAgreementandthefactthatconsiderationsofpolicyandregulatoryissues arewovenintomanyofthechapters.Thethreatstohumanhealthposedbyclimate change and air pollution over the twenty-first century are daunting. However, seeing a large group of researchers from different countries and disciplines come togethertoproducethisimportantcompendiumontheproblemasitnowstandsand whatwemightanticipateinthefuturegiveshope.Itisbysuchinternationalteam efforts, from large-scale political agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, to focusedresearchproducts,suchasthisbook,thatthisproblemcanbetackled. LosAngeles,California,USA GlenM.MacDonald Acknowledgment In the process of writing, editing, and preparing this book, there have been many peoplewhohaveencouraged,helped,andsupporteduswiththeirskills,thoughtful evaluationofchapters,andconstructivecriticisms. First of all, we are indebted to all the contributors of chapters from both developed and developing countries for providing the scholarly and innovative scientificpieceofresearchtomakethisbookareality.Wearealsothankfultothe reviewerswhocarefullyandtimelyreviewedthemanuscripts. WearealsogratefultoProf.GlenMcDonaldoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Los Angeles,forwritingtheforeword,whichaddsgreatlytothebookwithhisthought- fulinsights. RaisAkhtarthankshisfamily,wife,Dr.NilofarIzhar;daughter,Dr.ShirinRais; and son-in-law, Dr. Wasim Ahmad, who encouraged and sustained him in devel- opingthestructureofthebookandeditingtasks,andheisdeeplygratefulfortheir supportandindulgence. Cosimo Palagiano thanks his family, his daughters, Paola and Francesca Romana, who morally sustained him in the work; he also thanks Daniele Priori forthemaps’retouchandGianfrediPietrantoni,whocontrolledthefinaleditingof hischapter. Finally and most essentially, we are deeply obliged to Springer and the entire publishing team, without whose patience, immense competence, and support, this bookwouldnothavecometofruition.WespeciallythankDr.RobertK.Doewhose energizingleadershipensuredthatthisbookwouldindeedtranslatetoreality. We are also thankful to Ms. Anjana Bhargavan and Mr. Krishna Pandurangan for their constant guidance and cooperation during the preparation and review process of the manuscript. We are also grateful to Professor A.R. Kidwai for his usefulsuggestions. Aligarh,India RaisAkhtar Rome,Italy CosimoPalagiano vii Contents PartI Introductory 1 ClimateChangeandAirPollution:AnIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . 3 RaisAkhtarandCosimoPalagiano 2 AirQualityinChangingClimate:Implications forHealthImpacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SourangsuChowdhuryandSagnikDey 3 InternationalConferencesonSustainableDevelopment andClimatefromRiodeJaneirotoParis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 GiovanniDeSantisandClaudiaBortone 4 COP21inParis:PoliticsofClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 RaisAkhtar PartII CaseStudies:DevelopedCountries/Regions 5 ClimateChangeImpactsonAirPollution inNorthernEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 RuthM.DohertyandFionaM.O’Connor 6 TheImpactofClimateChangeandAirPollution intheSouthernEuropeanCountries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 CosimoPalagianoandRossellaBelluso 7 Canada:ClimateChange,AirPollutionandHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . 89 StefaniaBertazzonandFoxUnderwood 8 ClimateChange,ForestFires,andHealthinCalifornia. . . . . . . . . 99 RicardoCisneros,DonSchweizer,Leland(Lee)Tarnay,Kathleen Navarro,DavidVeloz,andC.TrentProcter ix x Contents 9 AirPollutionandClimateChangeinAustralia: ATripleBurden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 ColinD.ButlerandJamesWhelan 10 EpidemiologicalConsequencesofClimateChange (withSpecialReferencetoMalariainRussia). . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 151 SvetlanaM.Malkhazova,NataliaV.Shartova, andVarvaraA.Mironova 11 ClimateChangeandProjectionsofTemperature-Related Mortality.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 165 DmitryShaposhnikovandBorisRevich 12 ClimateChangeandAirQualityinSoutheasternChina: HongKongStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 YunFatLam PartIII CaseStudies:DevelopingCountries/Regions 13 TrendsandSeasonalVariationsofClimate,AirQuality, andMortalityinThreeMajorCitiesinTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Mei-HuiLi 14 ClimateChangeandUrbanAirPollutionHealthImpacts inIndonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 BudiHaryanto 15 ClimateChangeandAirPollutioninMalaysia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 NasrinAghamohammadiandMarzukiIsahak 16 ClimateChange,AirPollution,andHumanHealth inBangkok. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 UmaLangkulsenandDesireRwodzi 17 ClimateChange,AirPollutionandHumanHealth inDelhi,India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 HemH.DholakiaandAmitGarg 18 ClimateChangeandAirPollutioninMumbai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 S.SivaRajuandKhushbooAhire 19 ClimateChangeandAirPollutioninEastAsia:Taking TransboundaryAirPollutionintoAccount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 KenYamashitaandYasushiHonda 20 ClimateChange,AirPollutionandHealthinSouthAfrica. . . . . . 327 EugeneCairncross,AqielDalvie,RicoEuripidou,JamesIrlam, andRajenNithiseelanNaidoo
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