Climate and Civilization

12 Pages·1.551 MB·English

by  Ellsworth Huntington

Climate and civilization
Ellsworth Huntlngton
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THE LIBRARY
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THE UNIVERSITY
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LOS ANGELES
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Climate and Civilization
BY ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON
Department of Geography,Yale University
HE ideal climate is said -show that the physical activity of the
to be found in many racesofwesternEuropeisgreatestwhen
parts ofthe world, but the average temperature is about 60
wnohatoneitkniso.wsWeexactalrey dmeogmreetesertghoaetsisd,oownndatyoswpherehnaptshe5taheorr-
frequently told that 55 degrees at night and rises to about
southernCaliforniaand 65 or70degrees byday. Mental activ-
the Riviera possess it at all times ofthe ity, on the otherhand, is greatest when
year, and that Florida has it in winter theaverageisalittle belowj-Odegrees
and theAlpsinsummer. Sometimeswe that is,on dayswhich mayhave a frost
are also told that the cold, clear air of at night. Since life consists of both
theAlpsinwinterisideal. Wearenever mental and physical activity, and each
told, however,that an ideal climate pre- isessentialtosuccess,themostfavorable
vailsin NewEngland, with its chill east conditionswouldseemtobethosewhere
winds, or in old England, with its fog the temperature never falls far below
and rain. Yet there is as much reason the optimum, or most propitious point
for thinking that it prevails in these for mental work, or rises above the
places asintheothers. Thewholemat- optimum for physical work. In other
terdependsonourdefinitionof"ideal." words,ifthemeantemperaturewerethe
If we are looking simply for rest and only thing to be considered, the best
pleasure, awarm, sunnyclimateisprob-'. climatewould be onewherethe averageL
ablythe best. Ifwewanttogo fishing, in winter is about 40 and the average
something different is preferable. The in summer about 60 degrees. , Only a
most essential fact in the lives of the few parts ofthe world are blessed with
majority of mankind is work. There- such conditions. The most important
foretheclimatewhichis bestforworkis ofthese, both inareaand in population,
ideal from that point ofview. That is is England. Next comes the northern
the kind which we shall here consider. Pacific coast ofthe United States, from
Ifwetake efficiencyinthedailywork Oregon to the southern part of British
of life as our standard, it is possible to Columbia. Here, unfortunately, the
measure what people actually do under mountains rise close to the sea, and so
differentclimaticconditions, andthusto prevent the favorable conditions from
form an estimate of the best kind of penetrating far inland. A third highly
climate. From the work of about five favored area is found in New Zealand,
hundred factory operatives in southern especially the southern island. This,
Connecticut and ofabout eighteen hun- likeitstwopredecessors,isrecognized as
dred students at West Point and An- one ofthe highly advanced parts ofthe
napolis, as has been explained in a pre- earth. Thefourth andlastoftheplaces
ceding article, I have prepared curves where the mean temperature is particu-
showingtherelativeefficiencyunderdif- larly favorableisnotgenerallyso recog-
ferentconditionsoftemperature,humid- nized. It lies in Patagonia and the
ity, and storminess. These curves, corresponding part of Chili, between
based on investigations among a large latitudes 45 and 50 S. Few people
numberofindividuals,agreewithsimilar live here, and we are apt to think ofit
curvesprepared onthebasisofasmaller as of relatively slight value. It differs
number of people by two Danish psy- fromtheotherthree regions in having a
chologists, Lehmann and Pedersen, in deficient rainfall except in the western
Copenhagen. The two sets of data part, which is extremely mountainous.
VOL. CXXX. No. 777. 46 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
LIBRARY
Fromwhat hasjust been said it must this process he gets good speed from his
not beinferredthattheclimatesofEng- animal, and yet prevents him from be-
land, the northern Pacific coast of the coming exhausted. This is what con-
United States, NewZealand, and Pata- stant-changesoftemperatureseemtodo
gpoenriatauarreeinsecbeyssanroilymeiadenasl.thMeeoannlyteirmn--\ vtoalumeano.f anTyhecrleifmoartee, firnomretchkeonpionigntthoef
portant condition. In the first place, viewofefficiency, storms must be rated
not only a deficiency ofmoisture, as in asofhighvalue. Iftheyalonewerethe
a large part ofPatagonia,butanexcess, .controlling element, southern Canada,
asinthemountains ofsouthern Chili or from Alberta eastward, would possess
in Ireland,which otherwise is almost as the best climate in the world, while the
favoredasEngland,mayhamperacoun- northern United States, from the Dako-
try. Such conditions produce not only tas and Nebraska eastward, the north-
an adverse economic effect by making ^western part ofEurope, northern Italy,
agriculture difficult, but also a direct andJapanwould come next. England,
effect upon people's capacity for work. it will be noticed, is the only country
A moderate degree of dampness that included both in the regions just men-
is, a relative humidity of from 65 per tioned andinthosewherethemeantem-
cent, in summerto'90 per cent,inwin- perature ofthe seasons approaches the
ter isfavorable,butwhenthesummers ideal.
arewet or thewintersvery dry, people In order to determine the climates in
do not work sowell. which people are most efficient, it is
In its direct physiological and mental clearly necessary to take account ofall
effect, athird climatic element seemsto the factors that have just been men-
bemuchmoreimportantthanhumidity. tioned, and also of others of less im-
This is the change in mean tempera- portance which have not yet been
ture from one day to another. The worked out. When this is done for
only tests of this that have yet been many countries and races we shall be
made are those which I have described able to construct a map showing the
in a previous article, but inasmuch as approximate efficiency which people of
both men and girls in factories and stu- any particular race would have in all
dents at our military and naval acade- parts of the world, provided climate
mies appear to be similarly influenced, werethe determining factor.
it seems safe to infer thatthe same is Such a map in final form is not yet
trueofEuropeans in general. In Con- possible, but we can make a first ap-
necticut theeffectofchangesoftemper- proximation. Of the three main cli-
ature from day to day is about halfas matic factors mentioned in the preced-
great as the effect of the changes ing paragraphs, only one, the mean
from season to season. If the tem- temperature of the seasons, has been
perature remains unchanged, people summed up by meteorologists in such a
wstoirmkulastloewdlya. lIitftliet. riIsfesi,ttfhalelys,moanythbee Awagyretahtatdetahleidsaktnaoawrne eaabsoiulty atvhaeiloatbhleer.
other hand, provided the fall is not ex- two that is,aboutchanges oftempera-
cessive,thereisadecided stimulus. The ture from day to day, and relative hu-
effect of constant changes of weather midity buttogetthefiguresforathou-
maybecomparedtothatproducedupon sand or more stations, as is done in the
ahorse by agood driver. Ifthe animal case of mean temperature, would take
is allowed to go his own gait, with no years ofwork orelsethe expenditure of
stimulus whatever, he will travel fast thousandsofdollars. Accordingly,ithas
at first and then settle down to a slow been necessary to omit humidity en-
pace which will protract a journey in- tirely. Fortunately, the general effects
definitely. Ifhe is constantly urged to of this can readily be determined. In
his topmost speed, he may make the the places where most of the world's
first journey quickly, but he will soon inhabitants are gathered, differences of
breakdown. Thewisedriverurges him humidity are relatively unimportant
for a short time, and then lets him go compared with differences in tempera-
more slowly. By constantly repeating ture. The chief effect ofthis factor is
CLIMATE AND CIVILIZATION 369
seen in deserts and inthe moist partsof areas represent placeswhere the condi-
thetorridzone. In bothoftheseplaces, tionsare stillworsethan intheverylow
but especially in the torrid zone, peo- areas.
ple's efficiency, so far as it is influenced Letusexaminethe map closely. The
by climate, is relatively lower than ap- most noticeable feature is the group of
pears on the maps which are presented two large black areas in the United
withthis article. States and part ofsouthern Canada, on
Thefiguresforchangesoftemperature theonehand, and inwestern Europeon
from day to day are also not yet avail- the other. Each ofthese is surrounded
able for a great number of stations. by high areas oflarge extent. The re-
Such changes, however, depend chiefly maininghigh areas,threeinnumber, are
uponthenumberofstormsanduponthe surprisingly limited. The one in Japan
range of temperature from the coldest is shown as extending over into Korea,
tothewarmest periods. Thesetwocon- but this is doubtful, for the climatic
ditions arewell known formost partsof recordsofstorms in this region arevery
the world. By using them we obtain imperfect. The New Zealand area ex-
an approximation to our desired end. tends over into the southeastern corner
It must be clearly understood, however, ofAustralia, and is probably essentially
that this is only an approximation, and correct. Finally, although the South
is liable to error in certain respects. Americanareacertainlyshouldbeplaced
Forexample,the coastofCaliforniahas onthemap, its exactextentisdoubtful,
few storms and only a slight range of and we are notyet certain whether any
temperature from season to season. Its portion ofit should be put in the very
mean temperature, however, is highly high division, or whether the southern
favorable, and in the portions close to part should be represented by fine lines
the sea there are frequent stimulating because it falls in the medium division.
changes from day to day. Some allow- In far northern regions people's energy
ance has been made for this, but its falls off more than would be expected.
amount maynot be correct. Elsewhere We know that population is scanty in
almost opposite conditions may prevail. the mostnortherly parts ofCanada and
Forinstance, thesouthernpartofSouth Siberia, and that civilization there is at
America has many storms, but they do a low ebb. We commonly think, how-
not bringgreat changes oftemperature. ever, that this is due to the difficulties
Hence, in constructing our map that ofagricultureandtothefactthatnature
regionreceivesavaluehigherthanprop- willnotpermitmanypeopletogetaliv-
eilybelongstoit. Theseexamplesindi- ing. Fromthemap,however,itappears
cate that in examining the maps rela- that in addition to this there is a great
tively little attention must be given to fallingofFinenergy,sothatevenifother
details. The main outstanding features circumstances were favorable we should
areapproximatelycorrect, however, and not look for any great achievements.
they alone should be considered until Within thirty degrees of the equator
furtherdata are available. conditions are just about as we should
The map of human energy on the expect. So far as mere energy is con-
basis of the climatic conditions which cerned,thedry areas are actually some-
havejustbeensetforthisgiveninFig. i. what better than appears on the map,
In constructing this the world has been while wet regions, such as the Amazon
divided into six kindsofregions,accord- Basin and centralAfrica,areworse. On
ing to a rigid mathematical scale. The the great highlands of South America
places shaded black have a climate and Africa conditions are much better
favorable to a very high degree of en- than in the lowlands, and the same is
ergy in people ofEuropean races. The true of some of the higher parts of
next darker degree ofshading indicates India, which are too small for insertion
places where high energy would be in our map. The striking fact about
looked for, although not the highest. the equatorial highlands, however, is
The light lines indicate medium energy, that none ofthem has a climate where
the heavy dots low, and the scattered a high degree of energy would be ex-
dots very low energy. The unshaded pected. We are often told that the
160 160 HO KO 20O 80 60 40 ZO O &O 4O 6O SO 7OO
FIG.1 DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN ENERGYON THE BASIS OFCLIMATE
climate of tropical highlands is as fine temptto construct a map ofcivilization
as any in the world. Not infrequently inorderthatthetwomightbecompared.
areurgedtocolonizesuchregions, The wisest plan seemed to be to secure
fenopbloeok after book we read that so far theco-operationofwidelyinformed men
astheclimateofsuchplacesisconcerned in all partsoftheworld. Accordingly,I
thereisnotthe slightestreason whythe wrote to about two hundred persons,
white man should not live there as well chiefly professional geographers, but
as at home. Ourmap seemsto pointto including statesmen, travelers, anthro-
a different conclusion. Though white pologists, missionaries, andothers. Slips
men may retain their health in tropical weresent bearing thenamesofonehun-
highlands,weshouldnot expectthem to dred and eighty-five countries or parts
have the vigor and energy which they ofcountries, and the request was made
have in Europe and America, or in that the slips be sorted into ten groups
Japan, southernAustralia, and southern according to the status of each region
South America. in the scale ofcivilization. Civilization
By far the most unexpected feature was defined as being dependent upon
ofthe map is the diminution ofenergy "those characteristics which are gener-
as one proceeds eastward from western ally recognized as ofthe highest value.
Europe to central Asia. This is even I mean by this the power ofinitiative,
greaterthan appears in the map, for in the capacity for formulating new ideas
these latitudes the extreme dryness of and for carrying them into effect, the
deserts apparently tends to diminish power ofself-control, high standards of
man's energy, and the center ofAsia is honestyand morality, the powertolead
one ofthedriest places in the world. and controlotherraces, thecapacityfor
Longbeforethisthereaderhasdoubt- disseminating ideas, and other similar
lesstakennoteoftherathercloseresem- qualities which will readily suggest
blance between the distribution of en- themselves. Thesequalitiesfindexpres-
ergy on a climatic basis and the actual sion in high-ideals, respect for law, in-
dniesstsriobfuttihoen roefsceimvbilliaznacteionl.ed Tmheetcolosaet-- vseonphtiicvaelnesssy,steambsi,litsytabtiolitdyevaenldophopnheisltoy-
ISO MO 1ZO 700 SO 60 4 60 SO WO IZO 140 16O ISO
FIG.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OFCIVILIZATION
ofgovernment, a highly developed s the Asiatics were averaged separately.
tem ofeducation, the capacity Then these averages were again aver-
nate the less civilized parts o aged to give the final result. Thus the
world, and the ability to carry out far- opinion ofthe Asiatics has preciselythe
reaching enterprises covering long peri- same weight as that of the Americans.
odsoftimeandgreatareasoftheearth's In almost all cases one candetectaten-
surface." dencytoplaceone'sowncountryorrace
Theclassificationofthevariouscoun- rather higher than other people think
tries is by no means a light task. In right. This is especially marked where
manycasespeoplesp^tffromhalfaday the more backward outposts of a given
to two entire days M^^ it. In spite of raceareconcerned. Otherwisetheclassi-
this over fifty people.made the classifi- fications made by the various races
cation. About half[wejfe Americans, agree to a surprising extent. England
including one Canadian^ others were comes put highest. It is the only place
English, German, French,Italian,Span- which isinvariablyplacedinthehighest
ish, Portuguese, Danish,. Norwegian, ortenthclass. Otherplaces, such asthe
Russian, Chinese, and Japanese. It more advanced parts of Germany,
wasparticularlygratifyingthatfiveJap- France, and theUnitedStates, aregiven
anese and Chinese co-operated. It was a slightly lower position in at least one
also highly fortunate thatthe classifica- classification.
tions were made before the outbreak The final results ofthis classification
of the great war had destroyed peo- areshowninFig. 2. Alltheregionshav-
ple's fairness of judgment. In obtain- ing a rank of8.5 or higher are rated as
ing the average opinion it seemed very high, and are shaded black. Those
wiser not to give each individual the from 7to 8.5 arehigh,and areshaded in
same weight, but to let each race or heavy lines; 5 to 7, medium, in light
group of races have the same impor- lines; 3 to 5, low, in heavy dots; and
tance. ThustheAmericans,theBritish, under 3, very low, in scattered dots.
the Teutonic Europeans, the Latin The first thing that attracts attention
Europeans, including one Russian, and isthegeneral resemblancetothe map of
372 HARPER'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE
energy. In both maps, for example, importance in relation to Siam, but be-
there is a high area in the middle of cause they illustrate some of the great
westernEurope. Atongueextendsdown number ofinfluences which play a part
into Italy, another projects toward in causing a country to stand high or
Rumania, and a third to the Baltic. low in the scale ofcivilization. In view
Lapland is the seat of a low area. A ofall these factors and the strong influ-
relatively high projection runs out into ence which any one ofthem may exert,
Siberia. Here the high areaofthe map it is by no means surprising that the
of civilization extends about as far as maps of civilization and energy show
the medium area of the energy map. disagreements. The truly astonishing
This is not surprising, for even if the thingisthat inspite ofeverythingthey
people of Siberia have as much energy should present so pronounced an agree-
as is indicated bythe energy map, they ment.
are hampered by their remoteness and One of the features that stands out
by the newness oftheir country, not to most prominently when the two maps
mention other conditions. It may be, arecomparedistheeffectwhichastrong
too, that the question of racial ability race with good government and high
enters into the matter, and causes Si- ideals produces upon regions to which
beriato beloweron the map ofciviliza- Europeans have gone during recent
tion than upon the other. The signifi- times. Againandagainonenotesplaces
cant thing is that in both maps there is where thepresenceofsuch a racecauses
the same falling-offtoward centralAsia. a regionto behigherinjcivilization than
Still farther east, China and Japan are would beexpectedonthebasisofenergy
essentially alike upon both maps, China as determined by climate. In the East
beingmediumandJapanhigh. InIndo- Indies, for example, Java and the Phil-
China, and muchmorein India,thetwo ippinesarehigherthantheotherislands.
mapsdiffer. Apparentlythisarisesfrom In Australia the general decrease from
the fact that these regions are under southeast to northwest is the same in
European domination. This does not both maps, butthe factthat this conti-
apply to Siam, however, which has nentisEnglishraisestheverylowplaces
worked out its own salvation. It ranks to low, the low to medium, and so on
asverylowontheenergymap, andonly until there is a large high area in the
as lowon theother. This mayhave no southeast. In South Africa and Egypt
significance. Ontheotherhand, itmay the same is true.
mean various things. Possibly the cli- In the United States the energy map
matic records of Siam are so imperfect showsastripofmediumalongthesouth-
that we have not been able to give it ern frontier, but this is all rated as high
quite the right grade on the energy on the other map. This seems to illus-
map. It is equally probable that the trate the way in which a strong race
races of Indo-China and India may by with high institutions can overcome the
long residence have become differen- handicap of a climate which is only
tiated from Europeans, sothatthey are moderate. In the central states and in
not so susceptible to the influence of the Canadian northwest, on the other
steady heat. Again, we knowthat race hand, civilization is not so high as one
differs from race in its inheritance, and would expect. Perhaps this is because
the Siamese may inherit stronger traits the country is new. Being new, it is
than those which are possessed bytheir onlyjust coming into its own, and Chi-
npleei,ghfboorrsininmotshetEoafstthIonsdeieiss,lfaonrdsexbaomth- neevseen, tRhuosusgiahnst,heayndhavotehetrravfeorleeidgnearnsd,
maps are'Very low. Finally,other pos- studied extensively, do not realize how
sibilities arethatthe Siamese have been great is the progress of recent times.
trhaieseaddobptyiocnonotfacpatrtwiictuhlarotihnesrtitruacteiso,nsboyf Creallaitfiovrenliya,hilgihkeertohnetshoeutmhaeprnofstcaitveisl,izai-s
gzubiaonltuviitseoiurneasn,,lmoengrnoifttbt,sy.bretechlIaieugmisewoenont,rtikhaoennoydfaalsalroectfiheaoewlfseomsrpepgeonacsnisiaoi-l-f eirtamxitppoenolsatmsihinabeapidnl,ioottfnhyietsonhfemartamgyaoyfkabiesennegyirentga.pya.wrhtIotAdlsmuleyaalytraoecatcalhudse-oy
CLIMATE AND CIVILIZATION 373
arise from the location of California on quite independently. Neither repre-
the Pacific seaboard. sents the ideas of any one individual.
Turning to Latin America, we find The map of civilization represents the
aboutwhatwouldbeexpectedinMexico independentopinionoffiftypersonsofa
and Central America. The highlands dozen differentnations. Theothersim-
are medium and the lowlands low. In plyshowshowmuchenergypeoplewould
South America, on the contrary, there have if their energy depended mainly
acroeuntsrioemse ofunetxhpeecAtneddeafneathuiregsh.landTshe , woonrltdempweerraeturien,haabintdedif ablyl ppaerotpsleofltihkee
namely, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, those of the eastern United States. It
Peru,and Bolivia are all rankedaslow ishardtothinkofanyotherkindofmJap
incivilization, whereastheclimaticmap that would so closely reproduce the
would indicate a medium degree of en- features of the map of civilization. If
ergy. In Africa the same phenomenon racewere madethe criterion, we should
isobservable alongthe beltofhighlands find places of high civilization where
on the east side ofthe continent. Per- Teutons, Latins, and Japanese prevail.
haps this means that an equatorial cli- We should also find low places where
mate is even more debilitating than Teutonspredominate inAlaska,forex-
would be expected on the basis of the ample and where Latins predominate,
work of factory operatives in summer. as in parts of South America, but we
Argentina goes to the other extreme, should not find any low place for the
which is a hopeful sign for the races of Japanese. If religion is the criterion,
LatinAmerica. The central part ofthe we should find that, although Protes-
country is higher than would be ex- tant Christianityprevails onlyin places
pected, which suggests thatwith even a which are high or very high, Roman
moderate opportunity the Latin Amer- Catholic Christianity prevails in places
icanraceisabletorisetoahighposition. that range from very high to very low,
Let us turn back now to the more andGreekChristianityfromhightolow.
general aspects of the two maps. In Buddhism likewise ranges from high to
spite of minor disagreements the main low, and Mohammedanism from medi-
features are essentially the same. Both umtoverylow. Ifform ofgovernment
show two great high areas in the isourcriterion,wefindrepublicsranging
United States and western Europe, a from very high in Switzerland and
pronounced decline from the western France to loworverylowin Venezuela.
border of Russia eastward, and a rise Limited but autocratic monarchies ex-
to high conditions on the far eastern ist in high countries like Germany, and
edge of Asia in Japan. Likewise, the inlowcountrieslikeTurkeyand Persia,^/
shape of the very low areas in Africa Thuswemightgoontopointouthow
and South America is alike in both surprising it is that the maps ofenergy
cases. Southoflatitude 30 eachofthe and civilization should agree so closely.
southern continents rises, and the rise Theiragreementseemstopointto afar-
is more pronounced on the eastern side reaching conclusion. It suggests not
than on the western. Even where the only that civilization can rise to a high
two maps disagree, the explanation of level only where man's physical and
thedisagreementisusuallyobviousfrom mental energy is high, but also that
aconsiderationoftherecentmovements energyis high onlywhere certain favor-
of European peoples. The few remain- able conditions ofclimate prevail. /This
ing discrepancies are almost all explica- does not mean that the climate is the
ble on well-known grounds, such as the cause of civilization, for the cause lies
impossibility of agriculture, which pre- vastly deeper in the unknown force
vents civilization from rising as high as whichgives risetoevolution. Itmerely
would beexpected in the northern parts rreans that one ofthe many conditions
ofAmerica and Asia. necessary for the rise and preservation
When allowance is made for obvious ofcivilization seems to be the existence
facts such as these, the resemblance be- ofafavorablecombinationofmeantern- //
tween the two maps becomes increas- perature from season to season and of TTl~
ingly striking. They were constructed changesoftemperaturefromdaytoday. //
127685
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
LosAngeles
liisbookUDUEonthelastdatestampedbelow.
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to worship in the
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season advanced,
ands whence they
forth nohand
Euatd been a day
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the summer when
antly, asthough ithad been/achallenge, the grasshopp^ers had riddled the prom-
and felt, though he did nov'deigntosee, ising fields,or before the sand-storms of
the blight that marked tfte path ofthe earlyspringhad blownoutthewheat,or
wind. the hotwinds had blasted the earth.
TherehadbeennorainsinceJune,and Threetimes had the discouraged peo-
thiswasAugust. Buttheprairiecropis pletakenhearta^ain,encouragedbythe
used to drought andtherehadbeenhope fair promises of a crop, and each time
for the corn until the hot winds came their faith had been mocked and their
three days before: Since that time efforts returned to them fruitless. At
Enoch Cornwall had neither eaten nor first Enoch had preached with great fer-
sdloeoprts.tepAtunntiiglhtdahwens.at Wbrhoeondintghebyhehaits vaorf,iearyssturriialngoftthheemirtfhaaitthG;oadndonaltytdheesicrreud-
was most intense he walked bareheaded cial moment hewould staythe forceso
through the fields, lifting his head sud- destruction as God had stayed the hand
denly whenever the wind smote his of Abraham and restored Isaac. He
cheek. His great frame had become charged their early failures to a lack of
gaunt, andhischeeksdrawn,butafierce faith, and urged them with passionate
light burned in his eyes, bloodshot from zeal to greater exhibitions oftrust.
sleeplessness andtheglarefromthe sun. Hewas gifted with the eloquence and
The dust and burning heat had dulled dominatingzealoftheborn leader. His
the blackness of his matted hair. The superabundance ofphysical vitality and
perspiration had caked the dust on his confidence carried his flock through one