CliffsTestPrep. TOEFL CBT

449 Pages·2000·2.164 MB·English

by  Michael A. Pyle

CliffsTestPrep™
TOEFL® CBT
by
Michael A. Pyle
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
An International Data Group Company
Foster City, CA(cid:2) Chicago, IL(cid:2) Indianapolis, IN (cid:2) New York, NY
About the Author PublisherÕs Acknowledgments
Michael A. Pyle earned a bachelor’s degree in English in 1977 and Editorial
a master’s degree in Linguistics in 1979. He has been involved in
Project Editor:Joan Friedman
the field of English as a Second Language since he began work on
his master’s degree in 1977. The original TOEFLtest preparation Copy Editor:Billie A. Williams
book that he co-authored was created while Mike was teaching at
the University of Florida’s English Language Institute and Santa Fe Editorial Assistant:Alison Jefferson
Community College in Gainesville, Florida in 1982. He also wrote
Cliffs Advanced Practice for the TOEFLin 1992. Although Mike Special Help:Constance Carlisle, audio CD producer; ripple FX,
no longer actively teaches for any institution, he periodically makes audio CD engineering; Voice Scouts, audio CD talent; Brian
presentations to individual classes at Daytona Beach Community Talbot, Becky Wilmes, and Chuck Campbell, audio CD narration
College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona
Beach, Florida. He is a member of Teachers of English to Speakers Production
of Other Languages (TESOL) and regularly attends its annual Proofreader:Arielle Carole Mennelle
meetings. He has made presentations on teaching techniques related
to TOEFLat TESOLannual meetings from time to time. IDG Books Indianapolis Production Department
CliffsTestPrep™TOEFL®CBT
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LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BESTEFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS
BOOK. THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECTTO THE ACCURACYOR COMPLETE-
NESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLYDISCLAIM ANYIMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITYOR FITNESS
FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARA-
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NOTE: THIS BOOK IS INTENDED TO OFFER GENERALINFORMATION ON THE TOEFLCBT. THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER ARE NOTENGAGED
IN RENDERING LEGAL, TAX, ACCOUNTING, INVESTMENT, REALESTATE, OR SIMILAR PROFESSIONALSERVICES. ALTHOUGH LEGAL, TAX,
ACCOUNTING, INVESTMENT, REALESTATE, AND SIMILAR ISSUES ADDRESSED BYTHIS BOOK HAVE BEEN CHECKED WITH SOURCES BE-
LIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, SOME MATERIALMAYBE AFFECTED BYCHANGES IN THE LAWS AND/OR INTERPRETATION OF LAWS SINCE THE
MANUSCRIPTIN THIS BOOK WAS COMPLETED. THEREFORE, THE ACCURACYAND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED
HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS THATHAVE BEEN GENERATED ARE NOTGUARANTEED OR WARRANTED TO PRODUCE PARTICULAR RESULTS,
AND THE STRATEGIES OUTLINED IN THIS BOOK MAYNOTBE SUITABLE FOR EVERYINDIVIDUAL. IF LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, TAX, INVEST-
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SERVICES OF APROFESSIONALEXPERT.
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Author’s Acknowledgments
Writing a book requires a considerable amount of research and work, and once it is
completed, it is natural to feel a great relief. I only hope that you find it as helpful
as students have found the two earlier texts I wrote. I very much appreciate the
feedback I have received from students and teachers over the years on the original
texts. I am grateful to Joyce Pepple and Greg Tubach for asking me to write an-
other Cliffs book. I am particularly thankful to Joan Friedman for all the work that
she and her staff did in the actual production, revision, and completion of the text
itself.
My father-in-law, Dr. Manuel Lopez Figueras, of Merida, Venezuela, again helped
me write a new passage about his specialty, lichens. My friend Dr. Arnold Vera, a
physician specializing in endocrinology in Ormond Beach, Florida, assisted me
greatly in writing the passage about diabetes. I also wish to thank Alejandro Muñoz
and his family for taking us all over Mexico, including on a tour of the Don Julio
Tequila processing plant in Atotonilco-Jalisco.
Nowadays, I am a lawyer with a busy law office. I very much appreciate those
members of my staff who were sometimes affected by my work on the book, espe-
cially when they had to handle the legal work for clients because I was locked in
my room trying to meet a deadline. Those employees are Trisha Dellinger, Stacey
Rahm, Michelle Hall, Tracy Stafford, Kathy Strawn, and Sheila Semanisin. Sheila
regularly had to fax and overnight documents. Tracy even stepped in to draw fig-
ures for me on short notice. And Steve Rahm has done a magnificent job creating
our toeflcourse.com Web site.
I appreciate Verna Londoño and the administrators of Daytona Beach Community
College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University for inviting me to speak to their
students from time to time so that I could gauge the quality of what I had written.
I also appreciate how open and cooperative Gena Netten and others in the TOEFL
office have been with me and other TOEFLauthors. Without information from
them, we would all be guessing about what to present to the readers.
As always, I am grateful to my wife, Maria, and children, Michelle and Michael,
Jr., for putting up with my working so many hours as well as providing ideas for
sample items. I was even receiving and returning text via e-mail while on a cruise
with the family in the Carribean.
And most of all, thanks to you, the reader, for choosing this book. I hope that you
will find it useful and I welcome your feedback. Visit the Web site and e-mail me
with your comments and questions.
iii

Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Study Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE TOEFL
COMPUTER-BASED TEST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
How Colleges and Universities Use TOEFL Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Computer-Based versus Paper-Based Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Computer Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Institutional Testing Program (ITP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
STRUCTURE OF THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Listening Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Structure Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Reading Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Writing Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED ABOUT
THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
COMPUTER BASICS FOR TAKING THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . 11
TAKING THE TOEFL TEST: A SUCCESSFUL
OVERALL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Preparing for the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Day of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
During the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
PART II: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS
LISTENING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Part A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Part B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Preparing for the Listening Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
STRUCTURE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Incomplete Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Choosing the Incorrect Word or Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
How to Prepare for the Structure Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
v
CliffsTestPrep TOEFL CBT
READING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Preparing for the Reading Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
WRITING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
How to Prepare for the Writing Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
PART III: DETAILED REVIEW OF ITEMS TESTED
LISTENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tenses and Time Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Comparisons and Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Equal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Unequal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Double Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Limiting Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Alreadyand Yet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Affirmative Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Negative Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Tag Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Becauseand Because Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
So . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Reason. . . That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Other Phrases Indicating Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Causatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Haveand Get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Words that Sound Alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Problem Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
No Sooner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Remember, Stop,and Forget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
LetandHelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Used Toand Be Used To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Would Rather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
vi
Table of Contents
Phrasal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Idioms of Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Commands and Indirect Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
CD A, Track 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Answers for the Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Nouns and Noun Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Other Types of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Verbs and Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Structure Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Recognizing Unusual Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Infinitives and Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
ThatClauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Question Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Complex Sentence Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Passive Voice Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Real (Possibly True) Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Unreal (Not True) Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Relative or Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Thatand Which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Who, Whom,and Whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Reduced Relative (Adjective) Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Reduced Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Active Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Passive Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Structure Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Reverse Order Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Reversed Conditional Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Reversed Order Limiting Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Because/Because Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Word Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Order of a Superlative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Order of an Intensifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Order of Verb Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Order of Adjectives and Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Structure Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 vii
CliffsTestPrep TOEFL CBT
Word Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Needand In Need of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Soand Such . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Adverbs and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Adjective Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Parallel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Pronoun Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Noun/Pronoun Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Verb Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Basic Verb Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Regular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Simple Present Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Present Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Simple Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Past Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Present Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Present Perfect Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Past Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Past Perfect Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Subject/Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Noun Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Distracting Words and Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A Number ofor The Number of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Sentences with Two or More Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Combining Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Subjunctive Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Verbs Used as Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Verbs Complementing Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Verbs Following Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Verbs Following Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Verbs Used as Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Nouns Used as Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Structure Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Word Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Completing a Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Not Only. . . But Also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Count and Non-Count Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Definite and Indefinite Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Another, Other,and Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Comparisons and Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Equal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Unequal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Double Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Problem Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
No Sooner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Despite/In Spite of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Rise/Raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Lie/Lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
viii Sit/Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Table of Contents
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
During . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
At . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Structure Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Missing and Extra Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Missing Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Missing Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Missing Conjugated Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Extra Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Extra Nouns and Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Structure Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Identifying Main Ideas and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Studying the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Testing Your Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
a-or ab- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
a-or an- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
ad- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
ante- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
anti-or ant- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
bi- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
circum- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
con- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
contra- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
de- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
dis- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
dys- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
eu- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
ex- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
in- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
inter- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
intro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
per- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
post- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
pre- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
pro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
re- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
retro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
sub- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Prefix Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
-cide- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
-corp- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
-cred- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 ix