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CliffsTestPrep Praxis II: English Subject Area Assessments 0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049 PDF

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Preview CliffsTestPrep Praxis II: English Subject Area Assessments 0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049

01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page iii CliffsTestPrep® Praxis II®: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049) by Diane E. Kern, Ph.D. 01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page ii 01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page i CliffsTestPrep® Praxis II®: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049) 01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page ii 01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page iii CliffsTestPrep® Praxis II®: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049) by Diane E. Kern, Ph.D. 01_785067 ffirs.qxp 8/3/06 2:39 PM Page iv About the Author Publisher’s Acknowledgments Diane E. Kern, Ph.D. (Wakefield, RI), is Assistant Professor Editorial of Education at the University of Rhode Island. She serves Acquisitions Editor:Greg Tubach on the School of Education’s ad hoc committee on licensure Project Editor:Matthew McClure tests. Composition Proofreader: Henry Lazarek Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services CliffsTestPrep®Praxis II®: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043, 0048, 0049) Note:If you purchased this book without a cover, Published by: you should be aware that this book is stolen property. Wiley Publishing, Inc. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the 111 River Street publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 has received any payment for this “stripped book.” www.wiley.com Copyright ©2006 Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published simultaneously in Canada Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data is available from the publisher upon request. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-78506-4 ISBN-10: 0-471-78506-7 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1O/SS/QY/QW/IN No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record- ing, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FIT- NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRIT- TEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. Trademarks:Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, CliffsNotes, the CliffsNotes logo, Cliffs, CliffsAP, CliffsComplete, CliffsQuickReview, CliffsStudySolver, CliffsTestPrep, CliffsNote-a-Day, cliffsnotes.com, and all related trademarks, logos, and trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates. Praxis II is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS), and this book is not endorsed or approved by ETS. All other trade- marks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, please visit our web site at www.wiley.com. 02_785067 ftoc.qxp 8/3/06 2:59 PM Page v Table of Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Format of the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Content of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Specific Praxis II English Test Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Content Knowledge (0041). . . . . . . . . . . 2 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Essays (0042). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Pedagogy (0043). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Teaching Foundations: English (0048). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Middle School English Language Arts (0049) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Frequently Asked Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Suggestions for Using This Study Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Part I: Preparing for the Format of the Praxis II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Part II: Preparing for the Content of the Praxis II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Part III: Full-Length Practice Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Part IV: Closing Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 PART I: PREPARING FOR THE FORMAT OF THE PRAXIS II Constructed-Response Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 How to Approach the Constructed-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Strategies for the Constructed-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 How to Read the Passage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Pedagogy (0043). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Teaching Literature—Sample Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Responding to Student Writing—Sample Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Teaching Foundations: English (0048). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Teaching Methods for Middle/Junior High Level English Classroom—Sample Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Teaching Methods for the High School Level English Classroom—Sample Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Middle School English Language Arts (0049). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Literary Analysis—Sample Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Rhetorical Analysis—Sample Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Constructed-Response Scoring Guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 How Is an “Appropriate Response” Determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 How to Use the Scoring Criteria to Assess Your Own Practice Test Responses. . . . . . . . . 19 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Pedagogy (0043). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Teaching Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Responding to Student Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Teaching Foundations: English (0048). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Middle School English Language Arts (0049) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Pedagogy (0043). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Teaching Literature—Sample Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Responding to Student Writing—Sample Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Teaching Foundations: English (0048) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Teaching Methods in English, Middle/Junior High Level—Sample Response . . . . . . . . 23 Teaching Methods in English, High School Level—Sample Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Middle School English Language Arts (0049) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Literary Analysis—Sample Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Rhetorical Analysis—Sample Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 02_785067 ftoc.qxp 8/3/06 2:59 PM Page vi CliffsTestPrep Praxis II: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043,0048,0049) Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 How to Approach the Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Complete the Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Which of the Following . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Roman Numeral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 LEAST/NOT/EXCEPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Tables/Reading Passages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Strategies for the Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A Few More Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Preview and Practice: Apply the Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Sample Multiple-Choice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Essay Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 How to Approach the Essay Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Understand the Prompt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Write. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Four Formats of Essays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Scoring Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Interpreting Literature: Poetry and Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Issues in English: Understanding Literary Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Issues in English: Literary Issues and Literary Texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Interpreting Literature: Poetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Interpreting Literature: Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Issues in English: Understanding Literary Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Issues in English: Literary Issues and Literary Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 PART II: PREPARING FOR THE CONTENT OF THE PRAXIS II Reading and Understanding Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Identifying and Interpreting Figurative Language and Other Literary Terminology. . . . . . . . 47 Identifying Patterns, Structures, and Characteristics of Literary Genres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Elements of Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Elements of Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fiction (or Narrative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Nonfiction (or Expository). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Historical and Cultural Contexts of Texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Classicism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Neoclassicism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 British Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 American Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Teaching Reading and Text Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Fostering Reading Appreciation and Motivation to Learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Teaching Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Teaching Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Questioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Scaffolding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Activating Prior Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 vi 02_785067 ftoc.qxp 8/3/06 2:59 PM Page vii Table of Contents Identifying Text Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Metacognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Story Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Study Strategies and Reading to Learn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Skimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Note-Taking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Graphic Organizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Anticipation Guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Language and Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Principles of Language Acquisition and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Social, Cultural, and Historical Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Role and Nature of Dialects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 History and Development of the English Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Linguistic Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Etymology and the Process of Word Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Traditional Grammar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Syntax and Sentence Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Effective Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Parts of Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Phrases and Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Punctuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Composition and Rhetoric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Elements of Teaching Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Stages of the Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Writing Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Types of Source Materials for Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Evaluating Source Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 MLA and APA Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Understanding and Evaluating Rhetorical Features in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Audience and Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Organization of the Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Types of Discourse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Rhetorical Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Rhetorical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Presentation Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Teaching English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Human Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Bandura, Albert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Dewey, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Erikson, Erik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Kohlberg, Lawrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Maslow, Abraham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Piaget, Jean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 vii 02_785067 ftoc.qxp 8/3/06 2:59 PM Page viii CliffsTestPrep Praxis II: English Subject Area Assessments (0041, 0042, 0043,0048,0049) Skinner, B. F.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Vygotsky, Lev. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Addressing Learning Differences and Special Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Gardner, Howard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Hidalgo, Nitza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Moll, Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Specific Learning Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Legislation Related to Teaching Students with Learning Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Working with English Learners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Reading Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Planning for Reading Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Classroom Management Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Know Your Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Know Your Role as a Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Set Up the Classroom for Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Punishment versus Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Other Education Theorists’ Ideas on Classroom Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Assessment of Student Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Teaching Methods in the Middle and High School English Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 PART III: FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE TESTS English Language, Literature, and Composition: Content Knowledge (0041). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Answer Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Practice Test 0041. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Essays (0042) . . . . . . . . . 127 Practice Test 0042. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Essay I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Interpreting Literature: Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Essay II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Interpreting Literature: Prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Essay III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Issues in English: Understanding Literary Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Essay IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Issues in English: Literary Issues and Literary Texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Essay I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Essay II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Essay III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Essay IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 English Language, Literature, and Composition: Pedagogy (0043) . . . . . . 135 Practice Test 0043. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Constructed Response I: Teaching Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Constructed Response II: Responding to Student Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Constructed Response I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Constructed Response II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 viii

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