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™ CliffsTestPrep ™ ACT 6th Edition by Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D. William A. Covino, Ph.D. David A. Kay, M.S. Harold Nathan, Ph.D. Contributing Authors Allan Casson, Ph.D. Jean Eggenschwiler, M.A. Karen Saenz, Ph.D. Consultants Peter Z Orton, Ph.D. Don Gallaher, M.S. Dale W. Johnson, M.A. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. An International Data Group Company Foster City, CA ◆ Chicago, IL ◆ Indianapolis, IN ◆ New York, NY About the Author Publisher’s Acknowledgments Dr. Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D., is a national authority in the field Editorial of test preparation. As executive director of Bobrow Test Project Editor: Christine Meloy Beck Preparation Services, he has been administering the test preparation programs at over 25 California institutions for Copy Editor: Rowena Rappaport the past 27 years. Dr. Bobrow has authored over 30 Editorial Assistants: Melissa Bluhm, Laura Jefferson, national best-selling test preparation books, and his books Carol Strickland and programs have assisted over two million test-takers. Each year, Dr. Bobrow personally lectures to thousands Production of students on preparing for graduate, college, and teacher Proofreader: Vickie Broyles, Christine Pingleton credentialing exams. IDG Books Indianapolis Production Department TM TM CliffsTestPrep ACT, 6th Edition Note: If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that this book is stolen prop- Published by erty. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher An International Data Group Company has received any payment for this “stripped book.” 919 E. Hillsdale Blvd. Suite 400 Foster City, CA 94404 www.idgbooks.com (IDG Books Worldwide Web Site) www.cliffsnotes.com (CliffsNotes Web Site) Copyright © 2000 Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D. All rights reserved. No part of this book, including interior design, cover design, and icons, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 00-102514 ISBN: 0-7645-8613-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6X/QX/QX/QQ/IN Distributed in the United States by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG Sweden Books for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia Publishing Corporation Pty. Ltd. for Australia and New Zealand; by TransQuest Publishers Pte Ltd. for Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong; by Gotop Information Inc. for Taiwan; by ICG Muse, Inc. for Japan; by Intersoft for South Africa; by Eyrolles for France; by International Thomson Publishing for Germany, Austria and Switzerland; by Distribuidora Cuspide for Argentina; by LR International for Brazil; by Galileo Libros for Chile; by Ediciones ZETA S.C.R. Ltda. for Peru; by WS Computer Publishing Corporation, Inc., for the Philippines; by Contemporanea de Ediciones for Venezuela; by Express Computer Distributors for the Caribbean and West Indies; by Micronesia Media Distributor, Inc. for Micronesia; by Chips Computadoras S.A. de C.V. for Mexico; by Editorial Norma de Panama S.A. for Panama; by American Bookshops for Finland. For general information on IDG Books Worldwide’s books in the U.S., please call our Consumer Customer Service department at 800-762-2974. For reseller information, including discounts and premium sales, please call our Reseller Customer Service department at 800-434-3422. For information on where to purchase IDG Books Worldwide’s books outside the U.S., please contact our International Sales department at 317-596-5530 or fax 317-572-4002. For consumer information on foreign language translations, please contact our Customer Service department at 1-800-434-3422, fax 317-572-4002, or e-mail Author’s Acknowledgments I would like to thank Michele Spence and Linnea Fredrickson, for their many hours of editing the original manuscript, and Christy Beck, of IDG Books Worldwide, for her assistance and careful attention to the production process. I would also like to thank my office staff of Joy Mondragon, Cindy Hadash, Allison Drucker, and Deena Mondragon for their assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Susan; daughter, Jennifer (22); and sons, Adam (19) and Jonathan (15), for their patience, moral support, and comic relief. iii Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Study Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Using a Calculator on the Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Introduction to the ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Questions Commonly Asked about the ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Four Successful Overall Approaches to Taking the ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. The “Plus-Minus” System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 II. The Elimination Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 III. The “Avoiding Misreads” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 IV. The Multiple-Multiple-Choice Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 PART I: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS Introduction to the English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Usage/Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rhetorical Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Suggested Approach with Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sample Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Content Area Breakdown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Introduction to the Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Analysis of Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Suggested Approach with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Content Area Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 For Additional Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Introduction to the Reading Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Basic Skills Necessary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Analysis of Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Suggested General Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Sample Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Three Final Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Content Area Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Introduction to the Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Analysis of Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 v CliffsTestPrep ACT, 6th Edition Suggested Approach with Sample Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Data Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sample Passage I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sample Questions for Passage I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Other Points to Be Aware of for Data Representation Questions . . . . . 55 Research Summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Sample Passage II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Sample Questions for Passage II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Other Points to Be Aware of for Research Summaries Questions . . . . . 59 Conflicting Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sample Passage III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sample Questions for Passage III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Other Points to Be Aware of for Conflicting Viewpoints Questions . . . . 64 Content Area Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 PART II: FOUR FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE TESTS Directions for All Practice Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Answer Sheets for Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Scoring Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Mathematics Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Scoring Your ACT Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 For Your Own Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Practice Test 1 Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 1 . . . . . 125 Answers to English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Answers to Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Answers to Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Answers to Science Reasoning Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Answer Sheets for Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Scoring Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 vi Table of Contents Scoring Your ACT Practice Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 For Your Own Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Practice Test 2 Analysis Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 2. . . . . . 211 Answers to English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Answers to Mathematics Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Answers to Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Answers to Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Answer Sheets for Practice Test 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 English Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Reading Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Scoring Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Scoring Your ACT Practice Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 For Your Own Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Practice Test 3 Analysis Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 3. . . . . . 311 Answers to English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Answers to Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Answers to Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Answers to Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Answer Sheets for Practice Test 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Practice Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Reading Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Science Reasoning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Scoring Practice Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Mathematics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Science Reasoning Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Scoring Your ACT Practice Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 For Your Own Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Practice Test 4 Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 vii CliffsTestPrep ACT, 6th Edition Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 4 . . . . . 409 Answers to English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Answers to Mathematics Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Answers to Reading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Answers to Science Reasoning Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Final Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 The Final Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 viii Preface Preface Your ACT Assessment Program: ACT Tests, Interest Inventory, and Student Profile are important to your future! They can help you (1) assess your interests and skills, (2) plan your career, (3) get a scholarship, and (4) get into a college of your choice. Because of this, you must use your study time effectively. You need the most comprehensive test preparation guide that you can realistically complete in a reasonable time. It must be concise, direct, easy to use, and thorough, giving you all the assistance you need to do your best on the ACT Tests. In keeping with the fine tradition of CliffsNotes, this guide was developed by lead- ing experts in the field of test preparation as part of a series to specifically meet these standards. The testing strategies, techniques, and materials have been re- searched, tested, and evaluated and are presently used at test preparation programs at many leading colleges and universities. This guide emphasizes the Bobrow Test Preparation Services approach, which focuses on the six major areas: ■ Ability Tested ■ Basic Skills Necessary ■ Understanding Directions ■ Analysis of Directions ■ Suggested Approaches with Samples ■ Practice-Review-Analyze-Practice Four complete simulation ACT exams are included with answers and in-depth explanations. Each exam is followed by analysis charts to help you analyze your results and evaluate your strengths and weaknesses. This guide was written to give you the edge in doing your best by maximizing your effort in a reasonable amount of time. It is meant to augment, not substitute for, formal or informal learning throughout junior high and high school. If you follow the Study Guide Checklist in this book and study regularly, you will get the best preparation possible. ix

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