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CliffsQuickReview Microbiology PDF

264 Pages·1996·1.96 MB·English
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Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology by I. Edward Alcamo, Ph.D. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology by I. Edward Alcamo, Ph.D. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Copyright © 1996 Wiley Publishing, Inc., New York, New York ISBN: 0-8220-5333-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 1B/RV/QY/QS/IN Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4447, or e-mail permcoordinator@wiley. com LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REP- RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER- CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARAGRAPH. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ACCU- RACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WARRANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,CONSEQUENTIAL,OROTHERDAMAGES. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, Cliffs, CliffsNotes, the CliffsNotes logo, CliffsAP, CliffsComplete, CliffsTestPrep, CliffsQuickReview, CliffsNote-a-Day and all related logos and trade dress are registered trademarks or trademarks of Wiley Publishing, Inc., in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be avail- able in electronic books. Preface Microorganisms surround us on all sides and make their pres- ence felt throughout our lives. The useful species outnumber the harm- ful ones by thousands to one and are so valuable that life as we know it would be impossible without them. Microorganisms break down the remains of all that die and recycle such elements as carbon, nitro- gen, and sulfur; they produce numerous foods, including cheeses, dairy products, and fermented beverages; they are essential decom- posers in sewage treatment; and they manufacture numerous indus- trial products such as drugs, insecticides, hormones, and enzymes. Unfortunately, microorganisms also cause human disease. Mul- tiplying in their countless numbers in the tissues, they produce toxins that affect body systems and destroy the body by their sheer force of numbers. Microorganisms have been involved in the great plagues of history, and their effects have captured the imaginations of scientists, writers, and chroniclers of society. Indeed, untold research dollars have been spent searching for ways to stop epidemics in the environ- ment and enhance the body's natural defenses. The microbial world is fascinating to explore. It includes the mi- croscopic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa; the submicroscopic rickett- siae and chlamydiae; and the ultramicroscopic viruses. In Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology, we summarize the characteristics of these mi- croorganisms and examine their myriad activities in the spectrum of life. A major theme is microbial disease and the means available to protect against it both inside and outside the body. Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology contains the foundation mate- rial for microbiology courses taken by health and allied health sci- ence students. Students preparing for careers in nursing, dental hygiene, medical technology, food and nutrition, and pharmacy will find the book useful. Premedical and medical students can use it as an adjunct in their professional courses. And advanced high school students will benefit from its direct approach to the microorganisms. We have presented the content material of Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology in clear, concise detail that can be read easily and un- Preface derstood immediately. The paragraphs are brief, and the essential vocabulary and key topic areas have been included. Indeed, the 29 chapters conform to the chapters of the major microbiology texts avail- able today. Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology has benefited from the talents of many individuals, and I would like to pause and thank them. I am pleased to acknowledge the expert guidance of editor Michele Spence during the development of this book. I also express my gratitude to Barbara Dunleavy, who typed the manuscript carefully and efficiently. And I am happy to thank the many professionals who lent their ex- pertise during the production phase of this book. Readers who wish to reach me with their suggestions and comments may write me in care of Cliffs Notes, Inc. In closing, I want to extend to you, the student, my best wishes for a successful experience in microbiology. E. Alcamo State University of New York Farmingdale, NY 11735 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY.................1 The Spectrum of Microbiology.....................................................1 Classification schemes 2 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes 2 The five kingdoms 2 Brief descriptions of microorganisms 4 Nomenclature of microorganisms 5 A Brief History of Microbiology..................................................5 Early history of microbiology 5 Louis Pasteur and the germ theory 6 The development of microbiology 8 Modern microbiology 8 THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF MICROBIOLOGY......11 Chemical Principles......................................................................11 Elements and atoms...............................................................11 Molecules...............................................................................12 Acids and bases.....................................................................12 Organic Compounds.....................................................................14 Carbohydrates........................................................................14 Lipids......................................................................................15 Proteins...................................................................................16 Nucleic acids.........................................................................17 MICROSCOPY................................................... 19 Types of Microscopes..................................................................19 The light microscope............................................................20 Other light microscopes.......................................................22 Electron microscopy.............................................................23 Staining Techniques.....................................................................23 Simple stain techniques........................................................24 Differential stain techniques................................................24 CONTENTS MICROORGANISMS AS PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES...................................................27 Prokaryotic Cells..........................................................................27 Size and shape.......................................................................27 The cell wall and cell membrane.........................................29 The cytoplasm.......................................................................30 External cellular structures..................................................30 Endospores............................................................................31 Eukaryotic Cells...........................................................................32 Nucleus..................................................................................33 Cellular organelles................................................................33 The cell wall..........................................................................34 The cell membrane...............................................................35 MICROBIAL METABOLISM...............................37 Chemical Reactions and Energy.................................................37 Enzymes................................................................................37 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).............................................39 ATP production.....................................................................40 Cellular Respiration.....................................................................41 Glycolysis..............................................................................42 The Krebs cycle....................................................................43 The electron transport system..............................................45 Chemiosmosis.......................................................................46 Fermentation.........................................................................46 Photosynthesis..............................................................................47 The energy-fixing reaction...................................................48 The carbon-fixing reaction...................................................49 MICROBIAL CULTIVATION AND GROWTH........51 Growth Requirements..................................................................51 Chemical requirements.........................................................51 Physical requirements...........................................................52 CONTENTS Microbial Cultivation...................................................................54 General microbial media......................................................54 Special microbial media.......................................................55 Isolation methods..................................................................56 Microbial Reproduction and Growth..........................................58 Reproduction patterns...........................................................58 The growth curve..................................................................58 Microbial measurements......................................................60 CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH......................63 Physical Methods of Control.......................................................64 Dry heat.................................................................................64 Moist heat..............................................................................64 Nonheat methods..................................................................66 Chemical Methods of Control.....................................................67 Evaluation methods...............................................................68 Phenol.....................................................................................68 Halogens................................................................................68 Alcohols.................................................................................70 Heavy metals.........................................................................70 Soaps and detergents.............................................................70 Aldehydes..............................................................................71 Ethylene oxide.......................................................................71 Oxidizing agents...................................................................71 Food preservatives................................................................71 Antibiotics.....................................................................................72 Penicillin................................................................................72 Cephalosporin antibiotics.....................................................72 Aminoglycoside antibiotics..................................................73 Tetracycline antibiotics.........................................................73 Other antibacterial antibiotics..............................................73 Antifungal drugs...................................................................74 Antiviral drugs.......................................................................75 Antiprotozoal drugs..............................................................75 Drug resistance......................................................................75

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CliffsQuickReview course guides cover the essentials of your toughest classes. Get a firm grip on core concepts and key material, and approach your exams with newfound confidence.CliffsQuickReview Microbiology contains the foundation material for microbiology courses required for careers in nursing,
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