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Clientelism, capitalism, and democracy: the rise of programmatic politics in the United States and Britain PDF

167 Pages·2018·2.146 MB·English
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Clientelism, Capitalism, and Democracy Political parties in the United States and Britain used clientelism and patronagetogovernthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.Bythetwentieth century, however, parties in both countries shifted to programmatic competition.Thisbookarguesthatcapitalistswerecriticaltothisshift. Businessesdevelopednewformsofcorporatemanagementandcapitalist organization,andfoundclientelisminimicaltoeconomicdevelopment. Drawing on extensive archival research in the United States and Britain, this book shows how national business organizations pushed partiestoadoptprogrammaticreforms,includingadministrativecapa- citiesandpolicy-centeredcampaigns.Partiesthenshiftedfromreliance on clientelism as a governing strategy in elections, policy distribution, andbureaucracy.Theybuiltmodernpartyorganizationsandtechniques ofinterestmediationandaccommodation.Thisbookprovidesanovel theory of capitalist interests against clientelism, and argues for a more rigorousunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweencapitalismandpoli- ticaldevelopment. didi kuo is a Research Scholar at the Center on Democracy, Devel- opment, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, and a Fellow at NewAmerica. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. The Librarian-Seeley Historical Library, on 04 Feb 2020 at 21:46:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. The Librarian-Seeley Historical Library, on 04 Feb 2020 at 21:46:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Clientelism, Capitalism, and Democracy The Rise of Programmatic Politics in the United States and Britain DIDI KUO StanfordUniversity Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. The Librarian-Seeley Historical Library, on 04 Feb 2020 at 21:46:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108426084 doi:10.1017/9781108679923 ©DidiKuo2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabySheridanBooks,Inc. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Kuo,Didi,1983–author. title:Clientelism,capitalism,anddemocracy:theriseofprogrammaticpolitics intheUnitedStatesandBritain/DidiKuo,StanfordUniversity. description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]|Includes bibliographicalreferences. identifiers:lccn2018009861|isbn9781108426084(hardback)| isbn9781108444439(pbk.) subjects:lcsh:Patronage,Political–UnitedStates.|Patronage,Political–GreatBritain.| Politicalplanning–UnitedStates.|Politicalplanning–GreatBritain.|Businessand politics–UnitedStates.|Businessandpolitics–GreatBritain.|Capitalism–Political aspects–UnitedStates.|Capitalism–Politicalaspects–GreatBritain. classification:lccjk731.k862018|ddc306.20941–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018009861 isbn978-1-108-42608-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. The Librarian-Seeley Historical Library, on 04 Feb 2020 at 21:46:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Contents Listof Figures page ix Listof Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Capitalism,Clientelism,andPartyOrganization 3 BusinessDemandsagainstClientelism:TheArgumentinBrief 6 Contributions 8 OrganizationoftheBook 10 1 Clientelism asa Failureof Governance:ATheory of Business, Parties, and Programmatic Demands 13 Clientelism:ConceptsandTheories 13 UnderstandingProgrammaticPolitics 28 CapitalistDemandsforProgrammaticReforms 31 EmpiricalStrategy 40 2 Clientelism asa Governing Strategy in the United States 43 VoteBuyingandClientelisminNationalElections 44 ClientelisminPolicy:PatronageandthePorkBarrel 52 PatronagePoliticsandtheFederalBureaucracy 57 Conclusion 61 3 Business Organization and the Push for Programmatic Parties 63 Party–BusinessLinkagesbefore1870 65 TheEstablishmentofNationalBusinessOrganizations 69 Businesses,Pluralism,andProgrammaticParties 85 vii Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Bibiliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé, on 07 Jan 2020 at 18:22:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 viii Contents 4 Clientelism and Governancein Britain,1850–1880 93 ClientelismandVoteBuyinginBritishElections 94 ClientelismandDistributivePolicyinBritain 103 PatronageinBritain 109 TheEmergenceofProgrammaticParties,1870–1900 111 5 AdministrativeReform and Programmatic Partiesin Britain 116 TiesbetweenParliamentandBusinessbefore1870 117 TradeAssociationsandPoliticalEngagement 121 TheAssociationofBritishChambersofCommerce 123 Parties,AdministrativePolicy,andProgrammaticRepresentation after1880 128 Conclusion: Capitalist Interests, Programmatic Parties, andElusive Reforms 133 ClientelismasaGoverningStrategy 134 CapitalismandClientelism 135 BusinessInterestsandDemocraticReforms 136 FutureResearch 139 References 141 Index 157 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Bibiliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé, on 07 Jan 2020 at 18:22:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Figures 1.1 The economic costs ofclientelism page 35 1.2 Capitalist organization 36 2.1 Contested electionsto the House ofRepresentatives, 1789–2011 48 2.2 Proportion of contested House seats,1860–1940 50 2.3 Public andprivate legislation inCongress, 1870–1930 54 2.4 Proportion of private legislation inCongress, 1870–1930 55 2.5 Proportion of competitive civil service positions, 1870–1940 59 3.1 Interest group appearances before Congress 82 3.2 Campaign expenditures, 1860–1920 85 4.1 Petitioned elections inParliament 98 4.2 Party seat shares in House ofCommons, 1832–1892 99 4.3 Unopposed seats in nineteenth-century parliamentary elections 102 4.4 Public andlocal acts in Parliament, 1870–1920 109 ix Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. City, University of London, on 06 Jan 2020 at 14:27:18, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. City, University of London, on 06 Jan 2020 at 14:27:18, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923 Tables 2.1 Growth of thefederal bureaucracy page 58 3.1 Changesin capitalistorganization 68 3.2 Expansion of the Chambersof Commerce of the United States 78 4.1 Changesin the British electorate, 1801–1911 95 4.2 The growth ofprivate bills inthe eighteenth century 104 5.1 Changesin occupational shares of Conservativeand Liberal Party MPs 120 xi Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Bibiliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé, on 17 Jan 2020 at 19:56:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108679923

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