Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution PDF
Preview Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been requested. Cleaning Pakistan’s Air • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0235-5 In memory of Gajanand Pathmanathan Cleaning Pakistan’s Air • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0235-5 Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xix Abbreviations xxi Executive Summary 1 Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution in Pakistan 1 Introduction 1 Data Availability and Methodology 5 Analysis of Air Quality Data 7 Health Damages Associated with Air Pollution 12 Air Quality Regulatory Framework 15 Air Quality Management and Climate Change 18 Policy Options for Abating Urban Air Pollution from Mobile Sources 20 Policy Options for Abating Urban Air Pollution from Stationary Sources 24 Capacity Building for Air Quality Management 29 Conclusions and Recommendations 31 Notes 34 Bibliography 36 Chapter 1 Overview 43 Introduction 43 Objective 48 Methodology 48 Analytical Value-Added 51 Structure of the Book 51 Notes 52 Bibliography 53 Cleaning Pakistan’s Air • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0235-5 vii viii Contents Chapter 2 Air Pollution in Pakistan 57 Introduction 57 Analysis of Air Quality Data 59 Air Pollution and the Quality of Life in Pakistan 66 The Economic Cost of Air Pollution in Pakistan 70 Conclusions 75 Notes 76 Bibliography 78 Chapter 3 Air Quality Management Institutions 83 Introduction 83 Pakistan’s Air Quality Regulatory Framework 84 Organizational Structure for Air Quality Management 88 Coordination and Decentralization of Air Quality Management Responsibilities 89 Monitoring Ambient Air Pollution 92 The Judiciary and the Enforcement of Regulations 93 Conclusions and Recommendations 94 Notes 98 References 99 Chapter 4 Mobile Sources 101 Introduction 101 Ambient Air Quality and Exposed Population in Karachi 102 Lead Exposure 108 Neuropsychological Effects in Children under Five Years 112 Social Cost of Health Effects 114 Interventions to Improve Air Quality 118 Conclusions and Recommendations 128 Notes 131 References 133 Chapter 5 Industrial and Other Stationary Sources 139 Introduction 139 Inventory of Stationary Sources 141 Industrial Air Pollution 143 Control of Air Pollution from Stationary Sources 147 Control of Diffuse Sources 152 Conclusions and Recommendations 152 Notes 155 References 156 Cleaning Pakistan’s Air • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0235-5
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