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865 Pages·2014·29.601 MB·English
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Classical Mythology 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd i 10/14/13 9:22 AM 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd ii 10/14/13 9:22 AM Classical Mythology TENTH EDITION Mark P.O. Morford University of Virginia, Emeritus Robert J. Lenardon The Ohio State University, Emeritus Michael Sham Siena College OXFORD NEW YORK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd iii 10/14/13 9:22 AM Dedicated to the Memory of WILLIAM ROBERT JONES teacher, scholar, friend Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007, 2003, 2001 by Oxford University Press. For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 http://www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Morford, Mark P. O., 1929- author. Classical mythology / Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon.—Tenth edition. pages cm Includes indexes. ISBN 978-0-19-999732-9 1. Mythology, Classical. I. Lenardon, Robert J., 1928- author. II. Title. BL723.M67 2014 292.1’3--dc23 2013028090 Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Cover art: Athena and Heracles. Interior of a kylix by the potter Python and painter Duris, ca. 475 B.C.; diameter 13 in. On the viewer’s left Heracles sits on a rock, wearing his lionskin and with his club resting beside him. He is refreshed by Athena, who stands opposite and pours wine from an oinochoe (a jug for wine) into a two-handled kylix. She wears the aegis (note the four snakes on the lower right) and holds an owl in her left hand: her spear is held at rest and her helmet rests on a plinth. (Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY) 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd iv 10/14/13 9:22 AM Contents Art, Maps, and Figures vii Preface ix About the Authors xiii About the Website xv PART ONE Th e Myths of Creation: Th e Gods 1 Interpretation and Definition of Classical Mythology 3 Appendix to Chapter 1: Sources for Classical Mythology 26 2 Historical Background of Greek Mythology 40 3 Myths of Creation 61 4 Zeus’ Rise to Power: The Creation of Mortals 84 A ppendix to Chapter 4: Parallels in Myths of Greece and the Ancient Near East 106 5 The Twelve Olympians: Zeus, Hera, and Their Children 117 6 The Nature of the Gods and Greek Religion 140 7 Poseidon, Sea Deities, Group Divinities, and Monsters 168 8 Athena 179 9 Aphrodite and Eros 193 10 Artemis 227 Additional Reading: Euripides’ Hippolytus 237 11 Apollo 251 Additional Reading: The Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo 274 12 Hermes 285 13 Dionysus, Pan, Echo, and Narcissus 304 14 Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries 339 15 Views of the Afterlife: The Realm of Hades 359 16 Orpheus and Orphism: Mystery Religions in Roman Times 388 v 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd v 10/14/13 9:22 AM vi Contents PART TWO Th e Greek Sagas Introduction to the Greek Sagas 409 17 The Theban Saga 414 18 The Mycenaean Saga 445 Additional Reading: Orestes and the Three Electras 455 19 The Trojan Saga and the Iliad 475 Appendix to Chapter 19: Meleager and the Calydonian Boar Hunt 516 20 The Returns and the Odyssey 525 21 Perseus and the Legends of Argos 548 Appendix: Bellerophon and the Chimera 557 22 Heracles 562 23 Theseus and the Legends of Attica 589 24 Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts 614 Additional Reading: Jason and Medea in Euripides 627 PART THREE Th e Nature of Roman Mythology 25 Greek Mythology in the Roman World 643 26 Roman Mythology and Saga 673 PART FOUR Th e Survival of Classical Mythology 27 Classical Mythology in Literature 713 28 Classical Mythology in Music, Dance, and Film 742 Glossary of Mythological Words and Phrases in English 792 The Greek Spelling of Names 804 Indexes A. Index of Authors, Composers, and Titles I-1 B. Glossary/Index of Mythological and Historical Persons, Places, and Subjects I-13 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd vi 10/14/13 9:22 AM Maps, Figures and “Myth and Culture” MAPS 1. Greece and the Near East, pages 108–109 2. Greece and Asia Minor, pages 410–411 3. The Return of Odysseus, page 533 4. The Labors of Heracles, page 565 5. The Voyage of the Argo to Colchis, page 617 6. Map of the World According to the Ideas of Hecataeus of Miletus, page 625 7. Roman Italy and Sicily, page 675 8. Map of Early Rome, page 692 9. Greece, Crete and the Aegean, inside back cover FIGURES 1. Genealogy of the Gods, inside front cover 2. Timeline of Historical Events and Authors, pages 54–55 3. Descendants of Chaos, page 64 4. Children of Ge and Uranus, page 65 5. Descendants of the Titans, page 67 6. Family of Prometheus, page 85 7. Lineage of Major Deities, page 118 8. Plan of the Temple of Zeus, page 124 9. Descendants of the Sea, page 175 10. Descendants of Medusa, page 175 11. Plan of the Parthenon, page 181 12. Sectional Drawing of the East End of the Parthenon, page 182 13. The Children of Cadmus, page 306 14. The Kings of Thebes, page 416 15. Descendants of Chthonius, page 420 16. The Dynasties of Thebes, page 421 17. The House of Atreus, page 447 vii 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd vii 10/14/13 9:22 AM viii Maps, Figures and “Myth and Culture” 18. The Royal House of Troy, page 482 19. The Ancestry of Perseus, page 552 20. The Ancestry of Heracles, page 563 21. The Royal Families of Athens, page 591 22. Plan of the Erechtheum, page 592 23. The Ancestry of Jason, page 616 MYTH AND CULTURE 1. The Palace at Cnossus, page 42 2. Saturn Devouring His Children, page 74 3. The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, page 90 4. Raphaël and Poussin, page 172 5. Athena Parthenos and Pallas Athena, page 184 6. Pygmalion and the Image, page 198 7. Images of Apollo, page 272 8. The Niinnion Pinax and the Celebration of the Mysteries at Eleusis, page 352 9. Ovid and the Iconography of the Rape of Europa, page 418 10. Two Returns of Odysseus, page 536 11. The Temple of Zeus at Olympia and its Sculptural Program, page 570 12. The Rape of Lucretia, page 704 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd viii 10/14/13 9:22 AM Preface IT IS NOW MORE than forty years since the manuscript of Classical Mythology was submitted to the publishers. The original authors have now revised the book through nine more editions while keeping their research in the fi eld current. Our work is conceived as a comprehensive source where one may go to explore in depth the nature of the Greek and Roman deities and the heroes and heroines of saga; in a few words, a fundamental text for the serious study of the subject of classical mythology. Yet we also have intended to provide a fertile source where one may nourish a sympathetic understanding of the great mythological heritage bestowed by classical antiquity. We also consider the great infl uence of classical mythology upon diverse artistic forms (painting, sculpture, literature, music, op- era, dance, theater, and cinema) to be a most enjoyable and rewarding subject, too important to be ignored. Although this infl uence becomes the focus of the chap- ters in Part Four (The Survival of Classical Mythology), it permeates all aspects of our presentation throughout. The tenacious persistence of Greek and Roman mythology undeniably remains vital and pervasive in our contemporary world. Greek and Roman myths, of indelible beauty and with great power to inspire, present a particularly fertile and inexhaustible venue for the appreciation of the cultural, intellectual, and artistic history of Western civilization. Originally, Professor Morford and Professor Lenardon each undertook the major responsibility for certain sections—Professor Lenardon wrote Part One (Chapters 1–16) and Chapter 28 in Part Four, and Professor Morford wrote Parts Two and Three (Chapters 17–26) and Chapter 27 in Part Four. We have continued to use this approach, although in subsequent revisions all three authors have contributed freely throughout the book. Translations Successive revisions have been extensive and far-reaching, in grateful response to the many sensitive and appreciative critics over these many years. They have consistently encouraged us to remain fi rm in our conviction that the literary tradition of Greek and Roman mythology must always remain primary, but they have also confi rmed our need and desire to incorporate, in so far as possible, additional comparative and interpretative approaches and more far-reaching evidence from other sources such as archaeology. Translations of the ancient authors remain extensive, and none has been deleted from this edition. The majority of them throughout the book (except for Chapters 26 and 27) are by Professor Lenardon, including all thirty-three of the ix 9780199997329_00i-xvi_FM.indd ix 10/14/13 9:22 AM

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