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THE OXFORD C 0 MPANION TO CLASSICAL LITE RATU R E Compiled and edited bY ~ I R PAUL HARVEY OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS Oxford University Prees, Watton Street, oxford OX2 ~ D P 0XFOR.D LONDON QLASQOW NEW YORR TORONTO MELBOURNE WBLLINQTON KUALA LUMPUR BINQAPORE BONG KONQ TOKYO DELE1 BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAB KARAOHI NAIROBI DAR E8 SALAAM OAPE TOWN ISBN o 19 866103 7 First published October 1937 Reprinted with corrections 1940, 1946, IgsI, I955 1959. r96a,r966,r969,1974,r980 Printed i n &eat Britain at the University Press, Oxjwd bz/ Eric B ~ k l e y printer to the University PREFACE HE aim of this book, as designed by the publishers, is to T present, in convenient form, information which the ordinary reader, not only of the literatures of Greece and Rome, but also of that large proportion of modern European literature which teems with classical allusions, may find useful. It endeavours to do two things: in the first place to bring together what he may wish to know about the evolution of claasiml literature, the principal authors, and their chief works ; in the second place, to depict so much of the historical, political, social, and religious background as may help to make the classics understood. Accordingly, for the first of the above purposes, articles in alphabetical arrangement (1) explain the various elements of classical literature--epic, tragedy, comedy, metre, $e ; (2) give an amount of the principal authors; and (3) describe the subjects or contents of their works, either under the name of the author, or, where more convenient, under the title of the work itself. Interesting points of connexion between the classics end medieval and modern English literature are noticed. In general the book confines itself to the clasFical period, but some authors of the decline, such as Plutarch and Lucian, Jerome and Ausonius, are included, because of their exceptional interest or importance. In addition, to effect the second of the above purposes, articles are added: (1) on the principal phases of the history of Greece (more particularly Athens) and Rome, down to the end of the period of their classical literatures, and on their political institutions and economic conditions ; outstanding histori- cal characters, inseparable from literature, such as Pericles and Pompey, are separately mentioned ; (2) on Greek and Roman religion and religious institutions, and the principal schools of philosophy ; (3) on various aspects of the social conditiom, under such vi PREFACE headings as Houses, Women (Position of), Xlavery, Educa- tion, Food, Clothing, and Games; the art, industry, com- merce, and agriculture of the Greek and Roman periods are also noticed ; (4) on the more important myths and mythological charac- ters, as an essential element in Greek and Roman litera- ture ; (5) on geographical names of importance in a literary oonnexion, as the birthplaces of authors, or as the scene of events frequently alluded to; something is said of the topography of Athens and Rome, and further geographical information is furnished by maps and plans ; (6) on the manner in which ancient books were written, and the texts transmitted and studied through the ages ; (7) on such things as Roman camps, roads, and aqueducts, ancient ships and chariot-races, horses and elephants in antiquity, and domestic pets. It should be remembered, nevertheless, that this work does not include articles on antiquities as such, but only those antiquities which concern the study of classical literature. The compiler of a book such as this is necessarily under a heavy debt to previous writers. It would be impossible, within the limits of a preface, to enumerate the works, whether editions of and commentaries on ancient authors, or treatises on various aspects of antiquity, which have been consulted in the course of its preparation. Of such works I may specially mention, rather as an illustrative sample than as giving any indication of the extent of my obligations, the works of Werner Jaeger on Aristotle, of Prof. Gilbert Murray on Aristophanes, of C. M. Bowra on Homer, of Sir J. C. Sandys on Epigraphy and on the History of Scholarship, of A. W. Pickard-Cambridge on the evolution of the Greek drama, of F. G. Kenyon and F. W. Hall on ancient books, of W. W. Tarn on Hellenistic Civilization, of R. C. Jebb on the Attio Orators, and of R. G. Collingwood on Roman Britain. Apart from this general acknowledgement of my indebtedness, I must confine myself to naming a few PREFACE vii works &om which I have more especially and more frequently sought guidance, viz.: in the matter of Greek Literature, the histories of the subject by A. and M. Croiset, Prof. Gilbert Murray, and Prof. Rose; Latin Literature, the works of J. W. Mackail, R. Pichon, J. Wight Duff, and Prof. Rose; Cheek mythology and religion, Prof. Rose’s ‘Handbook of Greek Mythology’ and M. P. Nilsson’s ‘History of Greek Religion’; Roman religion, the works of W. Warde Fowler and Cyril Bailey and Sir J. G. Frazer’s commentary on Ovid’s ‘Fasti’; Greek and Roman History, the works of G. Glotz, M. Cary, J. B. Bury, M. Roatovtzeff , G. Ferrero, and the Cambridge Ancient History. On antiquities in general I have obtained much assistance from the Cambridge Companions to Greek and Latin Studies, from the dictionaries of Daremberg and Saglio and of Seyffert (Sandys and Nettleship), and from Stuart Jones’s ‘Companion to Roman History’; on points of biography from Liibker’s ‘Reallexikon’ ; and on certain matters from the ‘Real-Encyclo- pldie’ of Pauly-Wissowa. I must also acknowledge the helpful suggestions which I have received from several people who were concerned with this book in its various stages: from Dr. Cyril Bailey; Mr. J. B. Poynton of Winchester College; Mi. W. H. Walsh of Merton College, Oxford; Mr. A. H. M. Jones of All Souls College, Oxford; Mr. H. A. Murray of King’s College, Aberdeen ; Mr. J. M. Wyllie ; Mr. S. H. Steadman; and Miss C. M. M. Leask of Aberdeen; ab0 from the staff of the Clarendon Press. Such value as the book may have is largely due to them. > H.P.H. September, 1937. LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS PAGES Detailed description . 465-8 PLATES 1. Greek and Roman Houses. 2. Roman Villas and Roman Camp. 3. Greek Armour. 4. Roman Armour. 6. Greek and Roman Theatres. 6. Greek and Roman Temples. MAPS 7. Asia Minor and the East: Routes of Xerxes, Gyrus, 8. Greece and Asia Minor. 9. Roman Empire. Alexander, and the March of the Ten Thousand. 10. Italy. 11. Gaul. 12. Roman Britain. 13 (a). Athens. (b). Piraeus. 14 (a). Rome under the Republic. (b). Centre of Rome under the Early Empire. GENERAL ARTICLES THH following selected list indicates the headings under whi& information on general subjects can be found. Admidtration,PubUa (Athens, 5 9 ;Rome, 812). Agriculture. Alohabet. Asueducts. Architecture, Greek (for Roman Archi- tecture, see Art). Army. Art, Roman (for Greek Art see Architec- ture, Painting, Sculpture, Tomutic Art). Augurs and Auspices. Aumt&n Age. Baths. Birthplaces of Greek and Roman Books, Ancient. Burial and Cremation. Byzantine Age of Greek Literature. Calendar. Castra. Chariot races. Ciceronian Age. Classic. Clothing and Toilet. Colonization. Comedy. Corn Supply. Dancing. Dictionaries. Didactic poetry. Divination. Dogs. Economfo Conditions (Athew 5 10; Editions of Collections of the ClaSdCS. Education. Elegy. Elephants. Epic. Epigraphy. Enitaphs. authors. Rome, B 13). ~Lstivds. Finances (Athens, 0 11; Rome, B 14). Food and Wine. Qames. Gladiators. Glass. Guilds. Hellenistic &e. Historians, Ancient, and Modern. Homeric Age. Eorses. Houses and Furniture. Hunting. Judiclal Procedure. Law, Roman. Libraries. Ludi. Lsrio Poetry. Magic. Maps. Metre. mmtions and Dialects, Greek. Mines. Money and Coins. Monsters. Museums. Music. Mysteries. Mflho1og.g. Names. Novel. Omens. Oracles. Oratory. Ostraca, Painting, Greek (for Roman Painthg see Art). Papyri, Discoveries of. Pete. Philosophy. Pottery. Priests. Prose. Provinces, Roman. Religion. Roads. Roman Age of Greek Lite~ahne. Sacrifice. Satire. Satyrlo Drama. Sculpture, Greek (for Roman SCulPturO Ships. Slavery. Temples. Texts and studies. Theatre. Tragedy. Vase-painting. Weights and Measures. women, position of. see Art). A date chart of Greek and Latin authors and of events conternporttry With them is given on pages 466-62. PRELIMINARY NOTE HEAD-WORDS PROPER names are entered as head-words in the form in which they are moat familiar to ordinary readers, e.g. Ajax, A’riatotle, Menelii‘us, Phi‘dias, Te’rence. The Greek v appears as y, IC as c, and final -os as -ua where these are the more familiar forms. The correct transliteration of Greek names and the full Latin names are added in brackets where required: e.g. a j a x (Ais), A’riatotle (AristoteEB), Menels’us (Me&s), Phi‘dias (PheidiiEs), Te’rence (Publius Terentiwr &er). (Less familiar names, not head-words, such as Adpichos, Pherenikos, are given in transliterated form.) Latin proper names appear under the person’s n m e n unless he is generally known by his cognomen; e.g. Cicero appears under thab name, not under ‘Tullius’. In a few cases the names are given under the pmenomen, e.g. Appius Claudius, where this is the customary designation. QUANTITIES AND PRONUNCIATION The ordinary English pronunciation of names is shown, by stress and quantity maxka, in head-words only (Le. in the words printed in heavy black type at the beginning of each article). Where the quantities in the English pronunciation differ from those in Greek or Latin, the name is repeated in brackets with the Greek or Latin quantities. The quantities shown in all names and common nouns other than head-words axe their quantities as Greek or Latin words, and are not necessarily an indication of their accepted pronunciation in English. For instance (1) Catu’llus, Giiius VALGRIUS, (2) Clau’dius (Tibgriwr Chudim NZr6 QerrnZrkicus), (3) a river in Pamphylie, where Catu‘llus and Clau‘dius represent the ordinary English pronunciation, while GZus, VAL~RIUS, Tibgriwr, NLr6, Qermiinicwr, Pamphfrlia, show the quantities of the Latin or Greek names. In general only the long vowels are marked, and vowels are to be taken as short unless marked as long; but (1) a syllable in which the vowel is long (or common) by position, XtV PRELININARY NOTE under the ordinary rules of Greek and Latin prosody, as being followed by two consonants, is usually not marked; e.g. the fist syllables in ThersitEs, Petrcnius ; (2) the vowels of Latin case-endings which are long by the ordi- nary rules of Latin prosody, for instance -0, -a, -b of the ablativej -i, -orum, -arum of the genitive, are not marked; 0.g. De Amicitia. (3) short vowels are occasionally marked with the short sign, e.g. for emphasis, as where a vowel which is short in Greek or Latin is ~sually pronounced long in English; e.g. Sblon (X&n), Ti’tus (Titus). Where a vowel is common (sometimes short, sometimes long) other- wise than under (1) above, this is indicated by the sign “; 0.g. ~ ~ & . a . Where, in a name of some importance, a quantity is un- known or uncertain, the fact is stated. The groups of letters AE, AI, AU, EI, EU, ou, are to be taken diphthongs unless it is indicated that the letters are to be pro- nounced separately, e.g. AlphG’us, Anti’n6us. Where a name which appears as a head-word occurs also elsewhere in the course of an article, the quantities are not always again in- dicated there. For instance, where ‘Socrates’ ocours in the article on Plato, it is printed without indication of the quantities. The great majority of the names of persons and places mentioned in the course of articles are given also as head-words, if only for purpose of cross- reference ; and this applies also to Greek and Latin common nouns such as ecclesia, venationes. Accordingly a reader who desires to know the quantities of the syllables of such a, name or noun should fist look for it among the head-words. If it does not appear there and no quantities are marked where it is found in an article, it may be inferred that its syllables are short. ABBREVIATIONS ad fin.: ad finem, a t or near the end. b. : born. 0.: century. cc.: centuries. 0.: circa, about. cf.: confer, compare. d.: died. dr. : daughter. et seq. : et sequefites, and following. p.: pornit, flourished. gen. : genitive. Gk.: Greek. L. or Lat.: Latin. m. : married. O.T.: Old Testament. q.v.: quod vide, which see. qq.v.: quae vide, both which, or all so. : scilicet, understand or supply. which, see. The abbreviated names of authors and works, such as ‘Horn. Il.’, ‘Virg. Aen.’, appearing in this book are for the most part sufficiently familiar to need no explanation ; but the following may be noted : Apoph. Reg. : Apophthegmata Re- Ep. : Epistulae (Epistles). Epod.: Epodes. Nub.: Nubes (Clouds). Phaed. : Phaedo. gum. Phaedr. : Phaedrus. Ran.: Ranae (Frogs). Sep. c. Th.: Septem contra Thebas 1 Veap.: Vespao (Wasps). (Seven against Thebes).

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