Classical Chinese: A Basic Reader. Texts, Glossaries, Analyses

885 Pages·2017·44.18 MB·English

by  Naiying Yuan

CLASSICAL CHINESE
A BASIC READER
T E X T S
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Naiying Yuan Haitao Tang James Geiss
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright © 2004 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX 20 1TR
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004100562
Volume 1 (Texts) ISBN: 0-691-12089-7
Volume 2 (Glossaries) ISBN: 0-691-12090-0
Volume 3 (Analyses) ISBN: 0-691-12091-9
3-Volume Set Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-11831-4
First one volume printing, 2017
Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-17457-0
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This publication has been made possible by generous grants from
The Mercer Trust and The Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning
The publisher would like to acknowledge the authors of this volume for
providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed
Printed on acid-free paper
press.princeton.edu
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Contents
Map 1: The Spring and Autumn Period iv
Map 2: The Warring States Period V
A Brief Chronology of China vi
Foreword vii
Acknowledgments X
Bilingual Table of Contents xi
Errata to the Texts xv
A Quote from Laozi 1
Reading Texts 2
Appendixes: 182
1. List of Exercises 182
2. Excercises 183
3. Source of Text Selections 280
4. A Short List of Grammatical References 282
iii
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A Brief Chinese Chronology
&1. f.'3 ~ 21 1!t IG - ~~ J!f
Xia Dvnastv f9 M 161!!: frl Northern Qi 550-577
if6 fgftiJ 161!tfrl- Wll 535-556
Shang Dynasty fg ftiJ 11 1!t frl Western Wei
WIBJ f9 W1111!tta- ~!: IBJ 557-581
Western Zhou Dynasty ftiJ 771 Northern Zhou
.ml JI(J!.J ;m 770-;m 256 Ill 581-618
Eastern Zhou Dynasty Sui Dvnastv
DyZnhaosuy tltR M 110-ftiJ 476 m 618-907
Spring and Autwnn Period Tang Dynasty
till Stl770-Stl221 fi~ 907-923
Warring States Period Later Liang
•
tim
Stl221-lN207 923-936
Qin Dynasty Later Tang
Wfl M2o6-~m24 fi~ 936-946
tl
Western Han Later Jin
Han •• 1i.it
Dynasty 25-220 Five fitl 947-950
Eastern Han Synasties Later Han
•
fij!J
220-265 951-960
Wei LaterZhou
.:::11
Three jj 221-263 ~!:* 960-1127
Kingdoms Shu * Northern Song Dynasty
!R 222-280 Song WJ~ 1127-1279
Wu Dynasty Southern Song Dynasty
Wfi 265-316 jf 916-1125
Western Jin Dynasty Liao Dynasty
•w
317-420 11: 1115-1234
Eastern Jin Dvnastv Jin Dvnastv
-
*
420-479 J[j 1271-1368
Song YuanDvnastv
r¥UIJ "' 479-502 BJJ 1368-1644
Southern Oi Ming Dynasty
m
f¥j ~~f)} Dynasties ~ 502-557 1644-1911
Southern Liang Qing Dynasty
and •
557-589 tf!¥~11 1912-
Northern
Dynasties Chen Republic of China
~r;-
•• 368-534 tf!¥A~~~~~~ 1949-
~~-)} Northern Wei
People's Republic of China
Northern
534-550
Dvnastties Eastern Wei
vi
FOREWORD
Foreword
Classical, or literary, Chinese is a written language that matured long before the Qin
era. It developed and was used in China’s governing and elite culture for nearly three
millenia. Though it has undergone changes and developments, its syntactical structures in
general have remained intact. Its importance lies in part because the great legacies of Chinese
culture down to the twentieth century were recorded and preserved in this medium. Classical
Chinese is thus the language in which much of Chinese culture has long been transmitted. In
consequence, it is only through this medium that one can most fully and accurately
understand Chinese cultural traditions. In addition, many idioms, set phrases, allusions, and
sentence patterns in modem Chinese are inherited from classical Chinese. Even when
reading academic writings in modem Chinese, one benefits greatly from having an adequate
proficiency in classical Chinese, because in discussing specific topics or making their own
points, Chinese scholars tend to cite or quote relevant supporting material from classical
Chinese texts. For this reason, a good command of classical Chinese is indispensable for the
study of Chinese literature, thought, history, political and social institutions, etc.
Confucius said: “If an artisan wishes to do his work well, he must first sharpen his
tools.” With this textbook we therefore seek to introduce the major grammatical structures of
classical Chinese using an analytical and comparative approach, so as to provide students the
‘sharpened tools’ with which they can explore classical Chinese texts, or, to put it in another
way, this textbook seeks to provide students the key that unlocks the door to the bright and
fertile field of Chinese studies.
To accomplish this, the textbook is set up in three volumes. Volume one contains the
main texts by which the student is introduced to the various lingual and syntactic aspects of
classical Chinese. Volume two contains the glossaries to these texts, and volume three, the
detailed grammatical analyses of the texts.
The forty textual selections in volume one have been chosen from fourteen Chinese
classics written between the fifth century B.C. and the first century A. D. They have been
taken directly from authoritative editions such as SBBY (SPPY) and SBCK (SPTK), with no
words or structure altered for pedagogical reasons. Thus, the student, from the very
beginning of his or her study, deals directly with authentic classical texts. These texts have
been carefully selected on the basis of their merits both in terms of their form—because they
illustrate important grammatical pattems-and in terms of their content-because they
represent important salient features of Chinese culture, such as the wit, humor, wisdom,
vii
A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
moral conviction, and political ideals it exhibits. The classical Chinese texts and their modem
Chinese translations occupy opposite pages in the book, so that they can be consulted and
compared readily. Both the classical and the modem texts are provided with pinyin phonetics
for pronunciation, so that students can vocalize them correctly. The English translation of the
text facilitates for the students a quick and thorough understanding of the classical passage as
a whole. These reading texts are pedagogically arranged so that they proceed from short
texts to longer ones, and from the grammatically simple and easy to the more complicated and
difficult. The appended exercises that are provided in a variety of formats are meant to help
students review and reinforce their classroom learning.
Volume two contains all the glossaries to the texts in Volume one. Each glossary
entry is phonetically spelled out, grammatically classified, and its meaning within the context
in which it is used, fully explained. Within the explanation, should there be unfamiliar yet
important terms, these terms are further explained, so that students can understand fully both
the original classical texts and the explanatory modem ones. The annotations are given in
both modem Chinese and in English. Also should there exist a proverb or a set phrase that
has been derived from a text, this has been duly noted.
Volume three provides both grammatical analyses as well as literal translations of the
texts in Volume one. Every sentence that appears in a text in Volume one is fully
diagrammed to show the grammatical relations between its various parts. In the diagrams it
has often been necessary to insert items of context that classical Chinese texts may omit, such
as subjects and/or objects, or items that are customarily omitted in classical Chinese, such as
prepositions, in order to show the entire grammatical structure of the sentence in terms of
modem Chinese or English. Such added elements have been put in brackets in the
translations. When there is a major grammatical point that deserves special attention, it has
been fully explained with an asterisk preceding it. After this diagrammatic analysis, each
sentence is translated into both modem Chinese and English. This translation generally is
provided in three clear steps: first, the sentence is translated verbatim; second, the differences
between classical and modem Chinese, and between Chinese and English are highlighted;
and third, the entire sentence is rendered into smooth modem Chinese and natural English
respectively. Of these steps, the second is the most important. In this step, all the
contemporary lingual components classical Chinese omits are reflected in brackets in the
modem Chinese translation, any words added to make the meaning of a sentence clear and its
flow natural in modem translation are marked by a smaller font type, with those changes
made for rhetorical reasons given in boldface. In the English version, all the counterparts
viii
FOREWORD
of the aforementioned changes and additions shown in the modern Chinese translation appear
in the English translation as well, in brackets, in smaller font type, and in boldface,
while words in italics in the English translation represent the elements that have no
counterpart in the original Chinese texts but that are obligatory to make sense in English.
Furthermore, these words in italics pinpoint the grammatical differences between Chinese
and English. Students interested in comparing the two languages will find this most helpful.
In order to anticipate the sorts of questions that might be raised in a classroom, we
have tried our best to provide clear and detailed explanations. In addition, this textbook has
been designed so as to be useful whether a teacher conducts the course in Chinese or in
English. We do wish to point out that this textbook represents a bold attempt to experiment
with a new, though not untried, approach to the teaching of classical Chinese, and, as such,
will inevitably yet have some shortcomings. We hope that they are few, and hope,
furthermore, that the users of this textbook would provide us comments on their experiences
with it as well as offering us any constructive suggestions they might have for its
improvement.
The Authors
ix