Class

81 Pages·1993·3.549 MB·English

by  Stephen Edgell

CLASS
This abiomtosodk e monstthrkeae ityme p orotfat nhcceoc n ccpt
ofc laisnss o cioTlhoiigsasy c .b ibeyvt erda ctihdneeg v clopment
oft hcel acsosn cferpottm h cel awsosriokcfs M araxn Wde ber
tot hmco rree cceontn triobfut thneie oon-sM aWrrxiigashnttd
thncc o-WebGeoriladnt haonrbdpy dc c,s cribcilnasgst srt uhce­
turoefcs o ntempBorriataranyitd nh U cS A.
Theb oosku rvtebyrese lelviatnetr oanct luaresexs a,m ines
thqeu csotfih oonwt bcel acsosn cmeapybt e o perationalized,
anadn alcylsaesssos c,mi oabli liinteyq,ua anlpdio tlyii tnbi octsh
Britaanitdnh U eS AI.ta lsion claud dicssc uosfts hiieod neo af
ac lasssolceisEesat cych.h apetncdrs awc ilteshau rm maorfy
thaer gumaennadtr evioeftw b mea jtohre orceotoicclauls ions.
Thea uthsourg gtehsattths e irsae n e mergceonn!v ergcnce
inM arxainsWdte beraipapnr oatcoch leawssh si,al tte b sca me
timper oviadc irnigto ifbq outtehh epscer speIcnat didvietsi.o n,
hea ssetshsteeh sc osfAi mse riecxacnc ptiionn altlihigoeshf mt
receemnptí rriecsae!oa nrt chchel assyss ticntm hU eS A.
Wide-racnognicaningsud,es er-ftrihteienswxd itlb lyel,o f
usteoa lsit udesnotcsi oaolnfpod og tlyii c ss efcrooomsd cahroyo l
tou ndcrgrlaedvuealtsc.
StepEhdcgne Rlela diiesnSr o cioltohUgcny i vaetor fSs ailtfyo rd.
Hei st hacu thoofMr i ddClleaC sosu p(/1e9sa8 n0d) co-author
ofA MeasoufrT eh a1ch(e1r9is9m1 ).
KEYIDEAS
·P:e ter Hamilton
,eO peUnn iversity
KEYI DEAS
SeriEedsi toPrE:T EHRA MILTON
ThcO penU niverMsiilttKyoe,ny nes
Desigtnoce odm pletmhesenu tc ceKsesSyfuo lc ioltohsigesir sitess, CLASS
covertsh mea icno nceipstssud,ee sb,a taensdc, o ntrovienr sies
socioalnodtg hyse o csicaile nTcheess e.r aiiemsts op rovide
au1hori1a1oincv een tetrsoasplaio ycsfss o csicaile snucceah,s
communpiotwye,wr o,r ske,x uailnietqyu,ab leinteyafil,ns di deology,
clafsasm.i eltycB,.o okasd oapst t roinngd iv'ildiucnaoeln' s tituting
origeisnsaarlya st htehral ni tesruarrvyea ynsdf, o rlmi vaenldoy r iginal
STEPHEEDNG ELL
treatmoeftn htessiu rb jmeac1tt Tehreb. o okwsib lelu seftuol
studeanntdts e achoefsr osc ioploolgiyts,ic ciaeelncc oen,o mics,
psycboplhoiglyo,s aonpgdhe yo,g raphy.
THES YMBOLCIOCN STRUCTOIFC OONM h-lUNITY
ANTHONPY. C OHEND,e partomfeS notc iAanlt hropology,
UniveorsfMi atnyc hester
SOCIBTY
DAV IDF RISBaYn dD EREKS AY ER,D epartrneonftS ociology,
UniverosfMi atnyc hester
SEXUALITY
JEFFREWYE EKSS,o ciWaolr k StDuedpiaerst mUennitv,e rsity of
Southampton
WORKING
GRAEMES ALAl\,1AFNa,c ulStoyc iSoacfli enTcoeeOs p,e n
UnivcrsitKye,y nMeisl ton
BELIBAFNSDI DEOLOGY
KENNETH THOMPFSaOcNu,ol fSt oyc iSacli enTcheeOs p,e n
UniverMsiilttKyoe,ny nes
EQUALITY
BRYANT URNERS,c hooolfS ociSacli enTchecFs l,i nders University
ofS outAhu stralia
HEGEMONY
RORERBTO COCKF,a cuolfSt oyc iSacli enTcheeOs p,e Unn iversity,
MiltKoeny nes
RACISM
ROBERMTI LESD,e partomfe nSto ciUonliovgcyor,fsG iltays gow
POSTMODERNITY
LondaonnNd e wY ork
BARRYS MARTA,s socPiraotfee osfSs ocoiro logy, Uonf iversity
AucklaNnedwZ, e aland
Contents
Firpsutb li1s99h3e d
byR outledge
11N ewF etLtaenrLe o,n dEoCn4 4PE E
Simultapnueboluiissntlh hyUee Sd A a nCda nada
byR outledge
29W es3t5 Stthr NeeewtY ,o rNkY,1 0001 Liosft illuvsitir ations
©
Prefvaiciei
199S3t cpEhdcgnc ll
Acknowledgxe ments
TypeisnTe itm beys
IntyLpoen,d on Chap1t er
Classitcbaelo orfci leaMssa sran:xd W eber1
Prinatnbedod u innGd r eBarti tbayi n
Introdu1c tion
ClaysS tL!.tv Pde.sL, C
Maroxnc las2s
Proletarpioalnairziaazntradiet ovinoo,ln u cthiaonnga5er y
Alrii grhelsSe rvpeador.ftt hNbiooos km abye r eprinted
Impeditmore envtosl ucthiaonnga8er y
orr eproodruu tcieldii naz nfeyod r omrb ya ne lectronic,
Weboenrc las1s1
mechaonrio ctable,r nmoekwan noswo,nrh ereafter
inveinntceldp,ub doitnogc opryeicnogro driai nann ndgy , Tofer agmeonfct laatcsioson nfl i1c3t
informatioorr ne tsrstiyoesrvtawaegilmct , hp oeurtm ission Summaarncydo nclu1s4i ons
inw ritintgbp euf brtoims bers.
Chap2ter
BriCtaitsahl iongP uuibnlgiD caattai on Contempotrbaerooyrfc i lesan sse:o -Maarndx íst
A catalroegcfuooertr dh bioso ikas v aiflraobtmlh ee neo-Web1e6r ian
British Library.
Introdu1c6t ion
LibraCroyn goCrfae tsas/ ionPg uibnlgi Dcaar/ai on Wrignheto'-sM atrhxeoiofcsr lyt a s1s7
A catalroegcfuooertr db bioso ikas v aiflraobtmlh ee A critoifWq ruieg h2t2
LibroafCr oyn gress. Goldthnoerop-eW'estb heerooifcra lyna s2s7
ISB0-N4 15-06061-3
"ti Class
A critGioqludet ho3of0r p e
A notoeoo ccupactlia(ossnsta alt3 u3s )
Summaarncydo nclu3s6i ons
Chap3t er
Thmcc asuroefcm leassn t3 8
Introdu3c8t ion
A critoiftq huteer adiatniaolcnylatalfis rcsa mew3o9r k
Claospse ratiotnhatelh irkzeeaecyt h iooinc4:e2 s
Summaarncydo nclu5s0i ons
Chap4t er
Classtsr ucatnsudocr ieca bla ng5e3
Introduction 53
Thdeo mincalnaetss s)5( 4
Toien tcrmccldaeissas)6t( 2e
Toseu bordcliansast7(e3e s)I llustrations
A notoent huen derc7l8a ss
Summaarncydo nclu8s0i ons
ChapStc r
FIGURES
Claassn sdoc imaolb il8i3t y
Introdu8c3t i2o.nW1 r igchltam:sa spI( bavseircs ion) 18
Contempmoartsaeor cmyio abli l8i7t y 2.W2r igchltam:sa sIp( fvuelrls ion) 19
Contemporasroycm iofabelim la9il7te y 2.W3r igchltam:sa spI I 21
Summaarncydo nclu1s0i0o n2s.G 4o ldthcolraspscesh' e(smo er ivgeirnsailo n) 28
2.G5o ldthcolraspscesh' e(smr ee vviesresdi on) 29
Cbap6t er
2.T6o Ree giGsetnrearr'a sloc'clsia asls es' 34
Claissn,e quaanlpdio tlyi 1t0ic3s
lntrod1u0ct3i on
Oass and ienceoqnumoaemlaiisctu yr:pe rmoebnlt1e 0m4s TABLES
Oasasn edc onoimniecq udaalti1at06 y :
3.T1o eef foefac ltt ernoapteirvaet ioonfac lliaozsnas t ions
Thdee moccrlaaststisrc u 1g1gl0e
thsei ozfte h weo rkciloaagsn tsdh per opoorftt hieo n
Summaarncydo nclu1s1i4o ns
sampulnec lassified 50
6.M1e aann niunadli viindcuobamylce lsai snts hU eS A 108
Chapter 7
Classlae.ssnntdeh cscns od fc la1s1s6
lntrod1u1c6t ion
Contempcoornacreyop tfci loansss l1c1s8s ness
Summaarnyd cooc1l2u2s ions
Refere1n2c3e s
Namien de1x4 1
Subjiencdte1 x4 5
Prefacei x
othteorpi insc o cioalntodhg eyr,ie itfns oo rpteo sstiocb olvee r
thvea sstoc iololgiitcearolanc t luarisenos n es hobroto k,
althsouucagbb h o ocka bne u seadsa s elegcutiitdvoiec t .
Moreofvreorm, tbneu mbloeafsrr o guerc cietaseg de,n erous
ranogfqe u otahtabiseo ensnse letciotn efdto hrreme aodfte bre
prelcoicsaeot fais opne cifiacnt deop n oaihbneltre /t hoci hme ck
outth wei dceorn text.
Thpeu rpoofts bei s tsoct oundsyti hdcieees rn torfat lhiet y
concoefcp ltai snss o ciwoilstophg eyrc eifaeltr owe hnacMtei lis
(19h6a7cs)a ltlhecedl assosciico tlroagdi-icttahilseo o nc ial
analoyfhs iisst soorcisictaarllu cTthusere emsic.no anlt ributions
ofM araxn Wde betrot hseo cioulnodgeircsaotlfac nldaisnsg
werwer itwtiettnhh itinrs a dTihtuitsoh,nsi .ts u idsy o onoalt y
testitmoto heneny d usriignngi ofiftc haceno cneco efcp ltai sts ,
ias lasc oe leborfta htceio onnt irneuleedvo aftn bMceae r xist
anWde berian tcrlaaadsnisat liyosniss .o f
Toees seomtaicaarplopl ryao daocpbit tneh sdit sui dnyv olves
Preface ad iscuosfcs hiaoningnt e hsce l asstsr uocfwt huorsleoe c ieties,
notaBbrliyat naAdim ne rriecsap,e tchtfieir vsettl hymae on sdt
develeoxpaemdpo lfie nsd usctarpiiatTlah lipises rms.p ective
trecaltaasssa c s l assicfiocnacttehocparattbyn eu seindt heories
concewrintephdr oposaibtoiouobtns se rrveagbullea rities.
In1 9I8r 9e viaeb woeoedkn tiSttalateusndn d o tienmd yr evieHwe ncfeot,rh p eu rpoofcs leaa snsa lpyesoiwpshl,hoe a vseo me­
thtabtci osn c'espetet mohs a vlei vientd b seb adooftw h e thiinncg o mmcoanbn e g routpoegde wthheetroh,rne ortt h ey
conccelpatys estt'h ,ti es'x atp pienaa s resr tibedasot e nso t araew aorfte h eciorm msoint uTahtuiisot,nn .oi ntse cessary
fora p ertsobo ena waorfce l afsoisrtt oh avape r ofound impact
contaab ionoo knc laisnes i tibtpesur b iiosrfh oerdt hcoming
tit(lEedsg1'e9 l86l94 :7I w) a.cs o ntsaucbtseedq buyCe hnrtilsoy n t heeivre rlyidfaey:
Rojtehkse,e nsioocri eodlioatgtRoy or u tlwehdroge ef,e rred to
Nom attwehrap te opbleel icelvaes,s assta rnu cture
thbioso rke viinet wbc eo ntehxiptsl aotnfops u blais sbbo rt
econoamrirca ngienmfleunettn hceelisir cf hea nces
boooknc laTshsib.so oikts h oeu tcoofom uecr o ntact.
accotrod intphgoe siiirtin it Io.tfn h sde oyn ogtr atsbpe
Stinchhcacoslm abietm headt : 'Soocniolonylie on gdye ­has
cauosfte hsec iorn dtuhdciotsen som te atnh tahtse o cial
pendent va(rqiuaoibtnlWe erd,i g1hc9tl73 a9)Ts:.hs i'is as n
analmyussittg noordr een tyh em.
extrveimebewu i tit is n dicoaftt hiicmv peo rotfta hnmeco es t
(GearntMdhi l1i9s63 140:)
widueslecydo nciensp otc ioTlhpoerg iy.mr aerayfs ootrnh iiss
tbat tchloaustgsoeb xtie sra cnei nsoer mionuflsu oennt cbee
ways in iwnbdiucschta rpaiinats lao lciisett y anodp erates
deveTlhoeepx st.oe fin titsn flcuaebnnes c eeeb nyi tfsr equent
usienv irteuvaelsrluyyb staarneotafis voec ioilnocglyu,d ing
inequpaolliicttdyiu,cc sah,tc iaoflnat,mh wi,ol ryck,o, n sumption
anlde isHuernetc.het e b roufts btrc c vwiaetswh calta isass
moriem porctoannctteb pastnt atus.
Probmaobrlheyab se ewnr itatbeocnul tat shsaa nb oaunty
1
Clastshiecoaorlfi es
Acknowledgements
claMsasr:ax n Wde ber
Manoyft hied eeaxsp reisnls hebidos o wkc re dedvucrlionpgc d
INTRODUCTION
mye ollabrocrsactwaiirvtVcchihD c u koent hseo cainapdlo liti­
caelf foefTc htast cbTebrewiyes rmfie.rp sutb liisonhu jerod i ntly
Origitnhatele lrcyml arsesf etrotr hededi viosfti hoReno man
authoarretdii cntl hBeers i tisho fSJ oocuirnoaallno idgyn o ur populoantt ihboean s oifs prfoorpfi esrcatanylmd i liptuarr­y
booekn tiAt Mleeadso ufTr hea tchAe Sroicsimo:ol fBo rgiyt aipno.s Tehsip.sr e-moudseawrgaoeas s taotniiecnt hsee ntshea t
Ia mg ratteotf huEeld iotfot rbj aotu ranntadlo R outlfeodrg cel aswseerrsee garadsae sdc rigprtoiuvpoeif n gpse wohpol e
permitsors eiportnih mniatst eirnri eavlif soerdm . inhcrasi htaerdre adn ks oicniT ehtemy o.d evronc aboufl ary
Iw oullidtk ote h aVnikDc u kCeh,r Birsy aannRdto Fbl ynnc,l aissis n extraiscsaobcwliiyatt thhet edo traelo rganoifz ation
alcio lleiantg huDeee sp artomfSe oncti oUlnoigvyeo,rf Ss ailt­ys ocitehtafyto lltohwieen dd usrtervioallTu btiicsoh na.nt goe
forfdo,tr h ehierl pefoumlm eonntt shfi er sdtr aoffvt a riowuhsa itns o wadcaaylisln eddu sctarpiiatolarm l oidsecmra np ital­
chapatneSdrh se,Wi allakf eotrry ptihnrege ferTeonuecs eusa.il s smt aritnEe ndg liantn hdle a etieg htceeenntatunhrsd yp read
disclhaoilmde.r s durtihnfego llocweinnttguoo r tyhw eers tceorunn tnroiteasb,l y
FranGceer,m aannydA meriacnadb, e caam ter ugllyo bal
phenomtehncioesnn tTuwrooy ft. h mea jcoorn seqoufte hnicsc s
momentsoouccsih aalnw geert ehc er eaotfni eowcn l asinsa e s
transfocrlmasestdsr uacnttduh rteee ndfeoncrcly ap soss itions
tob ea llocatthbeead s oiofasn b irlaittthyhe abrni rDtehfi.n ing
claasnsad n alycsliarnsegsl atiiontn hsceho inptosefa xr ta pidly
chansgoicnigbe ctcyaa mc ee ntirsasalum eo nfgo unsdoicnigo l­
ogiasntcdso ,n troversitehsee o snucorefrp otuc nldaisnsg have
Classitcbaoolr i .. , WMeaberrx3 and
2 Class
contiunnuaebdat tote bddi asyT .h peu rpoofts heci hsa pitse r' simpilni fiseaed c'os nedn snea,m etlhyat th ree lationship
tor eviaencwdo mptahrteew too wecroinntgr iobfMu atrixo nbse twdeoemni naansndut b orcdlianwsaastmseeo s ri en strumental
(1818a-nW8de 3b)e( r1 864-t1o9t 2hc0eo) n ceptuaanldi aznaidtm ipoenr tshoainnnta hlp ea st.
theoriozfca ltaisoso.
Thbeo urgewohiesriiehetva,e g sro t th uep phearn hda,s
puatn e ntdo a lfie udpaalt,r iarcrhealla,tI itio dnysl.l ic
hapsi titloersanss luynt dhemero tlfeeyu tdiatelhs a t
MARXO NC LASS
boumnadtn o b i'sn atsuurpaelra inohdra lsse' rf,et m ain­
KarMla rwxa rse sponfostrih bfielr esa tno dn oe ft hmeo st inngo o thneerx buest wmeaenn andth amnnaa nk ed
imporstoacni!o tlhocgoiorcfcia lelas s ism.p oIrtitsdsa unteco e
self-itnhtacenar lels'otcu,aps sa hy me.n tI..n o' .n e
itisn tclilncflcuteounnasc lue b setqbueeonortfci leasas nsd to
worfdo,r expvleoiibltyear dte iloiangn,ipd oo ulsi tical
itpso liitniflcuaeolnn tc here e voludtiiroencattraiykbo eynn
illusiitho ansssu ,b stniatkuetsdeh,da medliersesc,t ,
certsaoicnii entsipebisybr iewsdr itaisan w gbso laenb,dy h is
bruetxapll oitation.
unfinitshbeeoodfrc yl aisnps a rti(ctubclheaa rps tpeerc ifically
(Maarnxd E1n8g4e58l2:s)
onc laisnCs a piItI'aIbl r eoafkf1s'9 ,78 48:6 T)h.u Msa,r x's
analoyfcs liarssc sp reasoec xnetrsic nbi osteth h eoraentdi cTahlet sweko e pya ssaargfeer sot mhM ea nifoefts hCreoo mmunis1
applsioecdi ology. Parwrhyi wcahfis r psutb liisnahy eedao rfw idespporleiatdi cal
HowevMearrn,xo otn lfya itloee ldu tcesi ydsat cmbaitsi cuanlrilensyE t u roAplel.o wfiotnrh gle e tshsa sno blearn goufa gc
usoeft bceo nccclpaatsn rsdc lcaotnccdsc upcathsrs u lcilnags st,he isss entiallrya tthahegaarinn t aaltyittorinatcachaltpel ,a m­
heu setdh eimn cons-ifsoterex natmmlpiyld ed,cl leaI snvs i.e wp hlaesatw hoplreo vaisdt ehseq,su eo itlelsu sagt oroagdtu ei,d e
oft hipsl,u st etnhdefe onMrca yr xiidaenta obs ei nteripnr ettote hdbe a siidcet ahsca otm pMrairsxte'h seo ofrc yl ass.
av arioefwt ayyt sh,De i c1ioofMn aarrxyi sr (TBhootutgohmto rTeh ree aswohMyn a rcxl atihmtasht e arreoe n ltywm oa jor
199s1h)o buelc do nsuwlhteendea Mv acrrx tiearinmcs n counctl•a susnedcsea rp itiastl hisasitmn p creí vpartoep wearnsto yw
ered oirna ntyh iotste hxetr. thbea soifes c onormeilca ttihoewnreser,l e o giocnallyl yt wo
Marxt·hse oofrc yl awsapssa orftam ucbhr oaadnemdro re possibaci llaiwshtsooi w ens ;mt ehaeon fps r oduacntadic olna ss
arubiatcicoouunsno tt hloiefnts ghs at nhh ci stoofar lhyiu manw hdoo annohdte ncet osh eatlvhleec iarp atcowi otr(yk' labour­
poweirnM' a rxt'esr minAonldot ghryee) a.sw ohnyr elations
sociewtiitsehps e,c rieafler teotn hmceoe s rte csetna!og fcc c o­
nomdiecv elonpammeenlty, icnadpuistFtaorlMriia asrlwmx h.,a tb etweemepnl oayneedrm sp loayreieen sh er'eannttlayg onistic'
i'sn eawb'ot uhtmi osd oefp rodu(oc nt iptorhnoe b lenmaattuiricest haitno rdteomr a kaep roafintsd u rviinav c eo mpetitive
?ft hciosn cepBto tsteoe1m 9o93r17e:3 i-is5t g)sr eater ee{ficcoineonsmciiytcu atthfieoo rnm,ae rcreo nstrtao'i enxeptdlh oei t'
_
latMtoerre.o ivnte hrpe,r ocoefes xst ra'cstuirnpgl us-labour',
m crea·tsmugr ploursp -rvoIafinlot ut.eh w'eo rr iditsas ,h istori­
theem ploiysne orot n lcyo ncetrokn eeedcp o satsls o aws
calsluyp esryisotoref m expllaobioItunirdn.ug s ctarpiiatla lism
possbiypb alyeit hnmegi nimnuemc estsoaa trtyar nardce tt ain
iasl psaor tidciusltairinlncy it initcvsre e a'ssiinmgpclllyia fisesd '
system. workbeuratsl ,ss eoe tkoas c hitchhveie g haetstta ilneavobefl! e
producHteinocpner.,o afintwdsa gaersie n verreslealatyne dd ,
Oucrp otchhee,p oocfth h beo urgepooisssieheso,sw e­s,' tihnet eorfce asptiasnt da li tnbtee orfle asbtaosru deri ametri­
cvctrh,di iss tifnecattiuvrces :i miptlt ihfihceela das s s calolpyp o(sMead1r'9x 5 326:T) h.e irste h eraenfi onreev itable
antagoSnoicsimeastw .yh oialsmsc o raen mdo rsep lit­
conftbiecttw tehetenw moa isno ccilaalso sveetsrh p cr iocfe
tinugpi nttow og rehaots tcialmcpi sn,tt ow og reat labaonutdrh lea bporuorc oerps rso duscytsitMveaemr r.xe cog­
cladsisreesfc atceliaync gh Bootuhregrca:on Pidrs oilee ­niztehdba ott thhb eo urgeaontidbs peir eo leatraderi ivai!d ed
tariat. byc ompetairntointogbn e mseblubvtee cso,um nei tientd h eir
(MaarnxEd n gc1l8s44 89:) opposttoei aoconbt bAecrc.o rtdoMi anrgtx h,ee f foeftc hti s
struocfct luarrseesl awtaiasoni n nsc relaasripgnoego,]ry , horno-
Itw af,u rtahregru edt hctelh aasts scyasptietmwa alsoi fs m
4 c1 .. .., Classktahle orMit.asn:a: n dW eberS
geniazncaddl ienwaotrfekod r ccoem patroae s dm alyleeftra r shorrutnb ,ui tnt bleo ntgeerrtm h emyc rcplayvt eb wea fvo r
wealtchliaoesfers m ploMyaerrtxsb .o utghhtathtf e i noault combei gagneddre epcerri scs.
oft hpiosl ariwzoautbliedro cov oluctliaosnsa racyno rdnh flaitc tI,n a ddittioco rne aatnii nngh eruennsttlaeybc loen omic
victfoortr hywe o rkcilnagsw saiesns e vitable. systMeamr,ax r gutehsat thb eo urgchoaivaseli csero e attheed
Iti sa pparfcrnottmh efseeiw n trodsutcattoertmyhe aottc sl atshsaw tiel flf ietucslt t idmoawtneft ahplerl o,l etariat.
Mantt'hse oofrc yl aisfssu ndameand tyaolaclmoyin cc eopft ion
But onnolhtya t sh beo urgefooritgsheiwedce aptohnast
claasntsdh tahtme o toofsr o ccihaalni gcseo nflinidcetce.ld a,s s
bridaega ttoih t siehtla fas;l scoa lilneetdxo i stteboec e
conflitchtke e eyil se mienMn ta rxa'csc oouftn hth ei stoofr y
menw boa rteo w ield thos-et hmweoe daeproon s
alsio cientojitue oss(t,t hoer igdienvse,l oapnmfdeu nttou fr e
workcilna-gst shp er oletarians.
capitIan1l hicesa mso.fet hter ansfirtofimeo und atloi scma pital­
(MaarnxEd n ge1l8s460 8):
ismt,hu er bbaonu rgeoormi asniuef acmtiudrdcillneapg sl sa yed
three volurtoilopenu,as rhayis nitgdh meeo nopogluiimslatdsi ­cT hues,c onocmriicsh eosw,e vaecrua tnedf rcqudconn to,t
tearnsed v entduiaslpllbyay c ifnogrr cuel liatnnbgeda crdi stogcu­aratnbeteoe odef captihteaayrls eii smmtp,hlp eyr econditions
racTyh.uM sa raxr guedt hbteoh uartg eboeicsatimheere u linfogr r evolucthiaoonAgacerc.yo rtdoMi anrgix it,os n ltyh rough
claisnts h oee wt ypoe(s oci-cctayp it-ablyic somm binitnhgce l aa�cst oifot nhp er oletthaacrtai pai!ts aolciiwseittbl yel
togeatnhedcn rg agiinr ncgv oluctliaoesnosan rflyic t. transcended.
Maraxc knowltehadecg heide vemtehnneot wsd omoifn an!
capitcallawishssoht, a nd ootn loyv erthtrhofewe und laolr ds
l'ROLETARIANIlZ'AOTLIAORNI,Z AANTDI ON
antdh eliirm ietceodn osmyiscto efpm r oducbtuwiteo nnot,nt o
REVOLUTIONCAHRAYN GE
transtfboeerc mo noamoidc ssotcriuacoltfc u arpei tianal ism
rclatsihvopcrcltry oi fotd i mFeo.er x amptlhbeeo, u rgehoaids Tibese e lf-densattruourfic ent diuvsect arpiiatilaes ln issumbr ye d
rcvoluttibmoccn aionzfspc rdo ducctoinocnc,nw torraktieenrd s t hiem porstoacnpitra olc oefps rso letarianfiazcaitliio­a, which
larfgaec tloocraiteiesnhd u gcei ties.a w corrmelaadrt ekde tt,a ttehshe i storreivcoallu rtoitloehn aMaatrr yax s sitgont ehde
anadb oavlel , prodounca es dc aalgneood of ad c sh eapnewsosr kcilnagFs osMr.a rpxr,o letarianizatitoon spccifically refcrs
bithuenrktnoo iwnnd,eu endi,m aginable.
ac hanfgreos me lf-emptloeo mypmleonsytte aetb uusttb, r ee
Toeb ourgedouirsiiiatregsu, l oefs caorncheeu ndred meanianrdgeis s ceirnbn iiwsbr liet ings:
yeahrascs,r eamtoerde maansmdso irvceeo lopsrsoa­l
ductfiovrec Iebsab na vael pir ecegdeiaaegr ationsl thper oletaroifsa oaciizeattyioa
togetbcr. 2t hper oletaroifwa onriakza adtioo
(MaarnxEd a ge1l8s45 87:) 3p olíptrioclae(t arianization.
HowevfoerrM ,a rtxh aed vanotfac gaepsi twaelreiexs cme eded
Firtsbtpe,r oletaroifsa onciizrcacttftyieo tor hnste e ndefnocry
byi tdsi sadvaHnetc algaeistm.he atdth cea pitmaoldioesf t
thweo rkintgo i cnlcarisensas is zteco b, ec onccnitnlr aartgccd
produwcatasin o' na narscyhsitcocafcml o mpetcibtairoaac't er­
factionru irebasar ne aanstd o expreerliaeptnoicvveeea r sat y
izebdy' tmhoes otu trasgqeuoaunsd oeflr aibnogu r-apnodw er'
resouftl htdc e vcloopftm hccena tp itmaoldoiefps rto duction.
periocdriicis nwe hsi 'clha rcgaeprib teaatltbss e m al(lMearr'x
Marcxl aitmheaodtn eof t b'el aowfsc ·a pitdaelvieslto pment
1970a: 652360I) n.ta hneds c cirtchubemo sutragnecoeiss,i c
wast batth ceo mpetniattiuovrfece a pitianldiusstt rialization
attetmosp otlc vrei ses byc odmemsotd(ritot'hyiaeieb nssg u rdity'
favourceadp iabtttia hgele x peonfss mea ll carpeistuallt eado d
ofo ver-prordeudcutscitioancnfgu)f t,,t w iaaggae nsid n creasing
int hceo ncentorfta htoeiw onae rosfhc iapp iAtsaa lc .o nse­
thieo tenosfl iatbyoa unrdb, y d cvelonpeiwmn agr kaentds
quentchcse,e lf-emaposldmo ayleldo- wsncegarolos cu o tfb usi­
explooiltdi nmogon retesb oroufgoehrxl aym,vp ilaaec rcdit
nesasn,bd c coimncc reaismipnogvleywr aigsleha ebdo urers.
systFeomMr.a rsxu,c h somlauyrt cisotenoqsru ei liibntr bieu m
6 Class ClastbseíocraMilae rsax:n d We7be r
Thle owsetrr oaftt hame i ddcllea- stsbs em atlrla des­onctehp er oletairnicartei nash siaezcsdeo ,n cenatnrda trieolna ­
peopslheo,p keaenpdre ertsit,rr eadd egscmnecnr alltyi,pv oev earntedyx ,p erideengcreadda atwt oirwokon,r kers will
thhca ndicraanfpdte sams-eaannls tiis gn rka diuanltloy jotiong ettodb eefrea onddi /moprr tohveweia rga enswd o rking
thper oleptaarrbitcalctya, tu hsedeii rm incuatpiivtea lc oodiitnoi tohnwesor:r cdosm,ie n ctloac soso flicttbb eow uirt­h
doess unffiofctoe tr h sec aolnwe h iMcohd eIrnod ustryg eoiTshiece o.l lepcotwioevrfwe o rkweiUrb see nbanced by
is cararniidess dw aomnp,et dh ccoi mnp etwiittiho nv ictionriiteaistta hllelo ycl aelvb eu!wt,i tthhi em provoefm ent
thlea rcgaep itpaalribtscltcysa t,uh seseip re cisakliilzle dt hmee aoofsc ommuniccraetabityoie nod d ustricallaiszsa tion,
isr cndewroerdt bblyet shsen ewm ethoodfs struwgigdllelev seo lnaon pa tisocnaalloe r.dfo erItr nb p eo lítica]
produ.c.tI.inp o rno poarst icoaancp ciutmaultl baet esc,o nsciooftu hsweno erskcsil nagts ogs reost wo ptobiaentw t b ich
lootft hlea boubrecb rip,sa ymheingothrl owm,u sgte t tbecyac nh allseuncgcee stshdfeou mlilnyao ftt ihcoeao p italist
worse. clatshspe,r olehtaatsro oi ragta antiw zoer( ki .foer.mt rade
(MaarnxEd n g1e8l4s6 82a: n Mda r1x9 7604a5:) unioannsod)u tsoifwd oer( ki .feo.ra mp oliptairctEayvl)e .n ­
tuanloltyw,i thtsetmapnodsrieantrgby ac lcakssbh,ee tswt eheen
Secounpdob,ne comwianglgea bou(or rwe argssel aivnMe asr x's
proleatnatdrh ireau tl cianpgi taliints hte aictrlt eatmsops t,s
terminotlhoeng eywr) e,c rtuoit thsep roletbaercioamte
defeoadn da/dovra tnhcereie rs pemcattieivrneit aelwr oeustlsd,
'enslbaytv hepedr 'o dupcrtoicoienns csl,ut dhmiean cgh tihnce ,
reaacr he voluptiitoMcnahar.rx y was cotohfisidtsea ngte tbat at
superavnitdsh eoemr p loMyacrarxr. g utehuda ntd cearp italism
thper olewtoaurplirdae !va aoeidsl t aabo leitwsy hpo efs ociety
workaerres tjruelsaiitak eneody t hceorm modtiobt eby o,u gbt
whiwcabfs r oefee xploiatnoadpt piroeois .sceil.oa os,s less.
ansdo ilntd h mea rkpeltaf coterh l eo wpeossts pirbilMceoe r.e ­
oveorw,i tnotg h ien creuasosefme adc hi(nie.dreey.al da bour
Ecooocmoincd ihtaifidor ntssrt a nsftohmream seosdf
inM arxt'esr minpollutoshgs eype )c,i adliivzieosdfli aobno ur,
tbpee oopflt ebc eo unitnrwtyoo r kTeorceso .m bioatioo
worbke codmeessk ainlwdlo erdk ers debgercaoadmstee hd e y
ofc apihtacsar le afotrte bdmi ass asc ommsoint uation,
losaleai u tonaonmidyn diviTdhuidasil mietnyos.fpi roonl et­
commionnt erTehsimtsas si.sst buasl reaac dlyaa sss
arianiizpsaa toritfMo anr xf'asm oaulsi cntahteiwsohinisi c,sh
agaicnasptib tunatol yt,e t itfsoIerntl bfse.t ru.g.g.l e
morfeu ltlhye oriinz Eehcdio sn oamniPdch ilosMoaphniuc­al
thmiassb se coumneista encddo, n stiittsauesatlc efls a ss
scroifp1 r8s4( 41 970bd)e,s cariningdb r eeddae tti anVi oll ume
foirt sTehliefn .t eirdtee sftebsne dcsoc mleai snst erests.
1o fC api(r1a9l7H 0oaw)e.vt ehnree, a tscusmtmo aftr bype r olet­
Butt hset ruogfgc lleaa sgsa icnlsaitss as p olitical
arianiozfwa otrcikao bnne f ounda gyaieinttn h Mea nifoefs ro
stru.g.g[.lE ev enctluaawslaslbr]yr eakisn otopoue tn
rhCeo mmunPiasrtr y.
revol.u..tt ibvoein o loevnetr tohftr hobewo urgeoisie
[Thweo rkbeerc)o a nma epsp endtahgmeea cohfai nnde , latyhsfe o undfaottrih osenw aoyft hper ole.t a.r ia!
iits tohnmelo yss ti mpmloesm,to notoannomduo ss,t inw hitchhfe r deeev eloopfem aecnihtst hceo ndition
easaiclqyu kinraetcdhk ia,rst e quoifhr ie.md. M.a sses fort hfer deeev eloopfam lein.t
ofl aboucrreorwsid,net tdho fe a ctaororery g anliiskeed (Ma1r9x7 117:a3 n Mda raxn Edn ge1l8s47 80a: n 9d0 )
soldAise rsp.r iovfta htieen sd ustrtihaelay r ea rmy
Thiosu tloifMn aer xt'hse oorfcy l aisnms o decraop italist
placuendd tehrce o mmaonfad pe rfehcite raorfc hy
socierteiperse ass eunmtmsao rfby ib sa spirco letarianizatioo­
officaenrsdse rgeants.
radicalizattihoeinsnw-i hrsie,tcv hhcoe ll auststisro upnco tluarre­
(Maarnxd E1n8g4e68l0a:s n 6d1 )
izienstt woio o temhaolmloyg ecnleaowsuhsseoe ns g aignee v er
Thteb iarnfiddn saeln isnwe b iMcahru xs tehste e rpmr oletairnicarne­daesgironefgce osn fl.ict. cTohnastit dhMetiarhsree xds is
izatiisto orn e fteort hger owotfwh o rkcilnagps osl ititcoba etl h ees seonfcc aep itiasl siousormtp rising.
consciousinsae rsgsu.ta hbmTeloh ysi ctsr uccioamlp,al nedx Marwxa nso m erteh eoIrnti hsfietr .ps lta hcece o nsidered
controdviemresniosafi! o pnr olctariaarngiutzehadat tti hoantt.hwe h Moaplruexr poofhs iels i fewwaotsro hk e ltpoc hange