Clarke's Analytical Forensic Toxicology PDF
Preview Clarke's Analytical Forensic Toxicology
CAFT f01.tex V1-04/13/2013 7:29A.M. Pagei Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology CAFT f01.tex V1-04/13/2013 7:29A.M. Pageii CAFT f01.tex V1-04/13/2013 7:29A.M. Pageiii Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology SECONDEDITION Edited by AdamNegrusz AssociateProfessorofForensicSciences,AssistantDirectorofForensicSciencesandtheDirectorofAnimal ForensicToxicologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiopharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy, UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,USA GailAACooper SeniorLecturer,LeadConsultantForensicToxicologistandQualityManageratForensicMedicineand Science,UniversityofGlasgow,UK This book is adapted from contributions published in Volume 1 of Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons 4th edition. CAFT f01.tex V1-04/13/2013 7:29A.M. Pageiv PublishedbythePharmaceuticalPress 1LambethHighStreet,LondonSE17JN,UK ©PharmaceuticalPress2013 isatrademarkofPharmaceuticalPress PharmaceuticalPressisthepublishingdivisionoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSociety Firsteditionpublished2008 Secondedition2013 TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall ISBN9780857110541 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholder. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthis bookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade. TherightofGailCooperandAdamNegrusztobeidentifiedastheeditorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbythemin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. CAFT ftoc.tex V1-04/13/2013 11:34A.M. Pagev Contents Preface xi Abouttheeditors xiii Contributors xv Abbreviations xvii 1 Introductiontoforensictoxicology 1 ACMoffat,MDOsselton,BWiddop,SJickells,ANegrusz Introduction 1 Principlesofforensictoxicology 2 Rangeofcasessubmitted 4 Caseinvestigation 5 Classificationofpoisons 7 Samples 7 Sampleanalysis 8 Conclusions 9 Reference 10 Furtherreading 10 2 Pharmacokineticsandmetabolism 11 OHDrummer,SHYWong Introduction 11 Basicconceptsofpharmacokinetics 11 Drugmetabolism 20 Adversedruginteractionsandpharmacogenetics 26 Drugconcentrationandpharmacologicalresponse 31 Postmortemredistribution 32 Interpretation 33 References 37 Furtherreading 38 3 Drugsofabuse 39 LAKing,SDMcDermott,SJickells,ANegrusz Introduction 39 Commonlyabuseddrugs 40 Analysisofseizeddrugs 55 Clandestinelaboratories 65 CAFT ftoc.tex V1-04/13/2013 11:34A.M. Pagevi vi | Contents Analysisofthemaindrugsofabuse 66 Conclusion 72 References 73 4 Othersubstancesencounteredinclinicalandforensictoxicology 75 RJFlanagan,MKala,RBraithwaite,FAdeWolff,JFdeWolff Generalintroduction 75 Volatilesubstances 76 Pesticides 86 Metalsandanions 96 Naturaltoxins 111 Summary 123 References 123 5 Workplacedrugtesting 131 AVerstraete,MPeat Introduction 131 EvolutionofworkplacetestingintheUSA 132 Prevalenceofdruguseintheworkforceandintheworkplace 133 RegulatoryprocessintheUSA 133 LegislationinEurope 134 Workplacepoliciesondrugsandalcohol 135 ProposedchangestotheDHHSGuidelines 141 Adulteratedandsubstitutedspecimens 143 Collectionofspecimens 145 Roleofthemedicalreviewofficer 146 Conclusion 149 References 150 Furtherreading 151 6 Alternativespecimens 153 PKintz,VSpiehler,ANegrusz,GAACooper Introduction 153 Hairanalysis 153 Drugsinoralfluid 165 Detectionofdrugsinsweat 179 References 181 Furtherreading 187 7 Postmortemtoxicology 189 GRJones Introduction 189 Specimensandotherexhibits 189 Analyticaltoxicology 196 Interpretationofpostmortemtoxicologyresults 204 Summary 212 References 212 Furtherreading 213 CAFT ftoc.tex V1-04/13/2013 11:34A.M. Pagevii Contents | vii 8 Clinicaltoxicology,therapeuticdrugmonitoring,inuteroexposure todrugsofabuse 215 DRAUges,MHallworth,CMoore,ANegrusz Introduction 215 Clinicaltoxicology 215 Therapeuticdrugmonitoring 253 Inuteroexposuretodrugsofabuse 261 References 265 Furtherreading 266 9 Drugabuseinsport 267 DACowan,EHoughton,SJickells Introduction 267 Rules 268 Reportedanalyticalfindings 271 Sampling 274 Analyticalapproach 276 Confirmatorymethods 280 References 284 10 Drug-facilitatedsexualassault 289 ANegrusz,REGaensslen Introductionandbasicterms 289 Theextentoftheproblem 290 Historyandlegislation 292 Drugsusedtofacilitatesexualassault 292 Specimensandanalyticalmethods 300 Summary 300 References 301 Furtherreading 301 11 Alcohol,drugsanddriving 303 BKLogan,RGGullberg,ANegrusz,SJickells Introduction 303 Alcoholanddriving 313 Drugsanddriving 322 References 324 12 Forensicchemistryandsoliddosageformidentification 325 JRamsey Introduction 325 Dosageforms 326 Examinationofunknownproducts 333 References 334 13 Sampling,storageandstability 335 SKerrigan Introduction 335 Specimenselectionconsiderations 335 CAFT ftoc.tex V1-04/13/2013 11:34A.M. Pageviii viii | Contents Samplehandling 345 Contamination 346 Stability 350 References 354 14 Extraction 357 TStimpfl Introduction 357 Thefundamentalprinciplesofextraction 358 Practicalaspectsofextraction 362 Conclusions 369 References 370 Furtherreading 370 15 Colourtestsandthin-layerchromatography 371 WJeffery,CFPoole Introduction 371 Colourtests 371 Thin-layerchromatography 378 References 406 Furtherreading 407 16 Immunoassays 409 CHand,DBaldwin Introduction 409 Basicprinciplesofimmunoassay 411 Heterogeneousimmunoassays 416 Homogeneousimmunoassays 420 Automationofimmunoassay 421 Analysisofalternativesamplestourine 422 Qualitycontrol,calibration,standardisationandcurvefitting 423 References 424 17 Ultraviolet,visibleandfluorescencespectrophotometry 425 JCordonnier,JSchaep Introductionandtheoreticalbackground 425 UVandVisibleSpectrophotometry 426 Instrumentation 430 Instrumentperformancechecks 433 Samplepreparationandpresentation 434 Dataprocessingandpresentationofresults 436 Interpretationofspectraandqualitativeanalysis 439 Quantitativeanalysis 441 FluorescenceSpectrophotometry 443 Instrumentation 445 Instrumentperformancechecks 446 Samplepreparationandpresentation 447 Dataprocessingandpresentationofresults 447 CAFT ftoc.tex V1-04/13/2013 11:34A.M. Pageix Contents | ix Interpretationofspectraandqualitativeanalysis 448 Quantitativeanalysis 449 References 450 Collectionsofdata 450 Furtherreading 451 18 Infraredspectroscopy 453 ADrake,RDJee Introduction 453 Instrumentation 456 Dataprocessing 460 Instrumentcalibration 460 Samplepreparation 463 Samplepresentation 463 Interpretationofspectra 472 Qualitativeanalysis 473 Quantitativeanalysis 478 Collectionsofdata 478 Nearinfrared 478 References 483 Furtherreading 484 19 Gaschromatography 485 SDawling,SJickells,ANegrusz Introduction 485 Gaschromatographycolumns 486 Inletsystems 500 Detectorsystems 509 Specimenpreparation 515 Quantitativedeterminations 521 Optimisingoperationconditionstocustomiseapplications 522 Specificapplications 524 References 526 Furtherreading 527 20 High-performanceliquidchromatography 529 TKupiec,MSlawson,FPragst,MHerzler Introduction 529 PracticalaspectsofHPLCtheory 530 Hardware 531 Columns 537 Maintenance 540 Separationtechniques 541 Quantitativeanalysis 543 Validation 544 Newemergingtrends 545 Systemsfordruganalysis 545
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