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CLARIFYING NEW TESTAMENT ARAMAIC NAMES & WORDS AND SHEM TOB’S HEBREW GOSPEL OF MATTHEW BY THOMAS F. McDANIEL, Ph.D. © Thomas F. McDaniel 2008 All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the past thirty-eight years—from1969 to 2001 as the Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Studies at The Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary (which was renamed the Palmer Theological Seminary in 2005) and from 2001 to the present as a Professor Emeritus at the Seminary—I have enjoyed the friendship and full support of my colleague in Biblical Studies, Dr. Glenn Koch, the Professor of Greek and New Testament Studies. Both of us became full time faculty at the Seminary in 1969. This volume has benefitted from his input, beginning with his suggestion about a year ago that we cooperate on an article dealing with the Aramaic words in the New Testament. Chapter II in this volume is the result of his suggestion, and his contributions to the introductory para- graphs and bibliography of Chapter II are greatly appreciated. Chapter III on the Shem Tob Hebrew Gospel of Matthew also includes Dr. Koch’s input. In 1995 when I offered at the Seminary a seminar on the Shem Tob text, Dr. Koch was a weekly participant and the respected authority on the Greek texts of the Gospels. His insights on Shem Tob’s Hebrew text and the Greek texts were duly noted then. And now, a decade plus later, they have contributed indirectly, if not directly, to my finally publishing here in Chapter III my notes from that seminar and subsequent study of the Shem Tob text. Thus, to my friend and colleague I express heartfelt thanks! Mrs. Elizabeth Oscanyan, a dear friend from Philomont, Virgin- ia, and the North Fork Baptist Church, graciously proofread the last draft of this manuscript, and thanks to her sharp eye and effort a number of typographical errors were corrected. Thomas F. McDaniel Palmer Theological Seminary Wynnewood, Pennsylvania February 8, 2008 iii In loving memory of Hattori Onatsu San iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II ARAMAIC WORDS AND NAMES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 11 CHAPTER III THE SHEM TOB HEBREW GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 62 NOTES 308 BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 APPENDIX 368 v ABBREVIATIONS A-text Codex Alexandrinus AB Anchor Bible, New York ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Chicago AnBib Analecta Biblica, Rome AOS American Oriental Society, New Haven ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen AV Authorized Version of the Bible, 1611 (same as KJV, 1611) B-text Codex Vaticanus BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Philadelphia BCTP A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching BDB F. Brown, S. R. Driver, C. A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, New York BH3 R. Kittel, Biblica Hebraica, third edition, Stuttgart, 1937 BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia BibOr Biblica et Orientalia, Rome BR Bible Review BSC Bible Student's Commentary BibT Bible Today BTal Bet Talmud CAD I. Gelb, L. Oppenheim, et al., eds., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Washington, D. C. CTM Concordia Theological Monthly CV Communio Viatorium DR Downside Review EBC The Expository Bible Commentary ET Expository Times GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, tr. A. E. Cowley, Oxford HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament, Tübingen HTR Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge, Massachusetts IBCTP Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching ICC International Critical Commentary, Edinburgh IDB The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible IVPNTC IVP New Testament Commentary Series JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society, New Haven, Boston vi ABBREVIATIONS JBL Journal of Biblical Literature, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Missoula, Montana JBS Journal of Biblical Storytelling JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JPSTC Jewish Publication Society Torah Commentary JQR Jewish Quarterly Review, Philadelphia JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Sheffield JTS Journal of Theological Studies, Oxford KJV King James Version of the Bible (same as the AV, 1611) LTSB Lutheran Theological Seminary Bulletin LXX Septuagint MBC Mellon Biblical Commentary MT Masoretic Text NCB New Century Bible NITGTC The New International Greek Testament Commentary NRSV New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, New York, 1992 NTL New Testament Library NTS New Testament Studies OTL Old Testament Library, Philadelphia and London PEFQS Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly, London RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible, London and New York, 1952 SC The Speakers Commentary TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament USQR Union Seminary Quarterly Review UT C. H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook, Rome VT Vetus Testamentum, Leiden VTSup Vetus Testamentum Supplements, Leiden WTJ Westminster Theological Journal, Philadelphia ZAH Zeitschrist für Althebraistik ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Gießen and Berlin ZNT Zeitschrift für neuen testamentlische Wissenschaft vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In Joseph Fitzmyer’s chapter on “The New Testament Title ‘Son of Man,’” (in A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays, 1978) he concluded, with reference to the arthrous (definite) phrase o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrwp, ou “the Son of the Man,” that this phrase must be understood as a title for Jesus: [It] could be an attempt to translate the emphatic state of the Aramaic; but it may be something more. I suspect that it was deliberately fashioned to carry the nuance of a title. But for Fitzmyer the “development of the titular usage is not immediately obvious, and the missing link still has to be found” (italics mine). In my opinion the missing link has been found! As spelled out in Chapter 25, “Adam, Enosh, and ‘The Son of Man’,” in my book Clarifying More Baffling Biblical Passages (avail- able online), the many missing links in biblical Aramaic and biblical Hebrew lexicography can be found in Arabic cog- nates. John Kaltner (2002: 78–85) has provided a brief but very helpful summary of the way Arabic—thanks to its “richer and more extensive corpus upon which to draw than any other Semitic language”—“was the principal language of comparison in Hebrew Bible scholarship.” One has only to browse through Edmund Castell’s Lexicon Heptaglotton of 1669 (not mentioned by Kaltner, but now available online at http://tmcdaniel.palmerseminary.edu/Castell.htm) to appreci- ate how dependent Hebrew lexicography was upon Arabic. 2 INTRODUCTION The “hyperarabism” Kaltner mentioned declined after the discovery of Akkadian texts in the nineteenth century and the Ugaritic texts in the twentieth century. But while the focus in biblical Aramaic and Hebrew lexicography shifted to the new- ly discovered Semitic texts, Edward Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon (1863–1893) continued to be a gold mine wherein lay the missing links for recovering the meaning of obscure and problematic words in the Tanak and in the Hebrew and Ara- maic Vorlagen which underlie the Gospel traditions and other New Testament Semiticisms. Chapter II in this book focuses on the meaning of the Aramaic names and words found in the New Testament. And, although Arabic is seldom a tool used by New Testament Greek scholars, it has proven to be a helpful tool for re- covering the meaning of the more obscure Aramaic terms. However, the contents in Chapter II of this volume will not be restricted to insights based solely upon Arabic lexemes. All the evidence will be addressed. In Chapter III the focus shifts to the Shem Tob Hebrew Gospel of Matthew (circa 1400), and again all the evidence will be addressed in dealing with the problematic or obscure passages in this Gospel. But it should come as no surprise that the most beneficial reference works for interpreting the obscure passages in the Shem Tob Hebrew Text (abbreviated as STT) have been the Arabic lexicons. By way of introduction to the discoveries presented in Chapters II and III, the following list (on pages 3–13) of sixty- four problematic words or phrases (with chapter and verse cited, plus the Greek, Aramaic, or Hebrew word or phrase to be discussed) identifies the biblical texts wherein Arabic cog- nates provide the missing link for the proper interpretation of word or phrase. INTRODUCTION 3 A. ARABIC COGNATES CLARIFY ARAMIAC NAMES AND WORDS (Lev 23:40) an"[.v;Ah “Hosanna” of Succoth = Arabic ]HÖ (waša ca) “to mix things.” Psa 118:25 aN" h['yviAh ,“Hosanna” “Please save!” = Arabic ]DÖ (wasaca/ wassac ) “he made one’s means of sub- sistence ample and abundant.” Matt 21:8 ~Wsanna “Hosanna!” = Aramaic an"v'h,' the cog- J| I"| nate of Arabic / (hašš/ hâšš) “he was, or became joyful, or cheerful; one who rejoices or is glad” (Mark 11:8, John 12:13). Matt 21:9 (STT) ~lw[h corrected to ~yl[h “the poor” = Arabic qáª\(cayl) or r"\ ( c âl) “he was poor.” yntqbv yntbz[ Matt 27:46 sabacqani = Aramaic = in Hebrew, the cognate of Arabic &Aª\( cazaba) “he became distant, remote.” yn[wB Mark 3:17 Boanhrge,j( = = boanh “the shouters of” vg<r< + rge,j = “thunder,” the cognate of Arabic F3!@ Eè3@ (râjis) and (rajjâs) “thunder.” Mark 15:34 (Dgr) wneidisaj me = yntbz[, the cognate of Arabic &=ª\ (cad.aba) “he castigated, tortured, tormented.”

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Feb 8, 2008 A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. BDB. F. Brown, S. R. Driver, C. A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament,
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