Claims for Secession and Federalism: A Comparative Study with a Special Focus on Spain PDF
Preview Claims for Secession and Federalism: A Comparative Study with a Special Focus on Spain
Alberto López-Basaguren Leire Escajedo San-Epifanio Editors Claims for Secession and Federalism A Comparative Study with a Special Focus on Spain Claims for Secession and Federalism (cid:129) Alberto López-Basaguren Leire Escajedo San-Epifanio Editors Claims for Secession and Federalism A Comparative Study with a Special Focus on Spain Editors AlbertoLópez-Basaguren LeireEscajedoSan-Epifanio ConstitutionalLawandHistory ConstitutionalLawandHistory ofPoliticalThought ofPoliticalThought UniversityoftheBasqueCountry UniversityoftheBasqueCountry Leioa-Bizkaia,Spain Leioa-Bizkaia,Spain ISBN978-3-319-59706-5 ISBN978-3-319-59707-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59707-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018966819 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents WhenFederalismFacesSecession:Presentation ofaTheoretical-PracticalAnalysisoftheSpanishExperience intheLightofComparativeLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AlbertoLópez-BasagurenandLeireEscajedoSan-Epifanio PartI ClaimsforSecessioninWesternDemocracies.AComparative Overview SecessionandFederalismintheUnitedStates:ToolsforManaging RegionalConflictinaPluralistSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ErinRyan Legality,Legitimacy,DecisionismandFederalism:AnAnalysis oftheSupremeCourtofCanada’sReasoninginReferencereSecession ofQuebec,1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 JeanLeclair CompetingClaimsforFederalisminComplexPoliticalSettings. ACanadianExploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Alain-G.Gagnon IstheQuébecSecessionMovementDead?PerspectivesAfter Canada’s2015FederalElection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 JuliánCastro-ReaandJessicaWeller ProvincialIntegrationThroughtheSenate:Trudeau’s(NotQuite) NewEra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 FranciscoJ.Romero-Caro ‘ScotlandintheUnitedKingdom:AnEnduringSettlement’?. . . . . . . . . 127 AlanPage v vi Contents TheFutureoftheUnitedKingdom’sTerritorialConstitution: CantheUnionSurvive?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 AileenMcHarg FiscalFederalismandFiscalResponsibility:TheCaseofScotland. . . . . 163 IainMcLean TheScottishIndependenceReferendum:LessonsLearned fortheFuture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ElisendaCasanas-Adam TheEndofBelgiumAsWeKnowIt:FromConsociationalDemocracy toPartitocraticDeadlock?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 CarolineVanWynsberghe SecessionistClaimsinaFederalSystem:TheBelgianCase. . . . . . . . . . 221 AnnaMastromarino TheRelationsBetweenDenmark,GreenlandandtheFaroeIslands. AModelwithFuturetoChallengeSecessionism?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 MatthiasMajor TheItalianRegionalState:ACounter-ReformationAftertheFailure ofthe2001ConstitutionalReform?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 PietroMasala PartII ReferendumsandConstitutionalClausesonSecession ConstitutionalizingSecessioninOrdertoHarmonizeConstitutionality andDemocracyinTerritorialDecentralizedStatesLikeSpain. . . . . . . . 265 BenitoAláezCorralandFranciscoJ.BastidaFreijedo TerritorialReferendumsfromaConstitutionalistPerspective: Functions,JustificationsandLegalDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 KarlKössler TheSovereignStateandtheRighttoSecede.HistoricalExamples andTheoreticalReasonsConcerningtheBenefitsofPolitical Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 CarmeloMoreno FederativeTools:ANewPerspectiveforSecession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 RémiBarrué-Belou ReasonsforandLimitsoftheReferendumasaMechanismtoDeclare theSecessionofPartofaState. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 FranciscoM.GarcíaCosta Contents vii TheMythofOntologicalFoundationsandtheSecessionClause asFederalAnswerstoNationalClaimsofExternal Self-Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 JoséAntonioSanzMoreno PartIII ClaimsforSecessionandFederalisminSpain ClaimsforSecessioninCatalonia.RuleofLaw,DemocraticPrinciple andFederalAlternative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 AlbertoLópez-Basaguren SecessionandFederalism.TheSpanishCase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 JoaquínTornosMas ConstitutionandReferendumonSecessioninCatalonia. . . . . . . . . . . . 405 JosepMariaCastellàAndreu FederalismandDemocraticQuality:TheContributionofTerritorial PluralismtoConstitutionalDemocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 FranciscoBalaguerCallejón PoliticalPluralismandIndependenceinCatalonia:LessonsLearned fromFederalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 PalomaBiglino FederalReformofSpainvsSecessioninCatalonia.Could ConstitutionalReformProvideaResponsetotheDemandsUpon WhichtheJustificationforSecessionAreBased?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 GregorioCámaraVillar WhichFederalismforSpain?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 EnricFossasEspadaler ConstitutionalReformWithintheContextoftheDebate ontheIndependenceofCatalonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 JoséAntonioMontillaMartos TheConstitutionalAnswertotheCrisisoftheModelofTerritorial Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 JoséTudelaAranda ConstitutionalReformandFederalisminSpain.AModestProposal. . . 509 EnriqueGuillénLópez ConstitutionalReformandGlobalMarketFederalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 MiguelÁngelGarcíaHerreraandGonzaloMaestroBuelga TerritorialSecessionandFederalLoyaltyinthe1978Spanish Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 LeonardoÁlvarezÁlvarez viii Contents StateIntegrationandDisintegrationWithintheEuropeanUnion. RegardingthePurportedSecessionofCataloniaandItsHypothetical MembershipoftheEU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 AntonioLópezCastillo TheCatalanIndependenceMovementinthePolitical andConstitutionalDebateintheEuropeanUnion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 AdoraciónGaleraVictoria When Federalism Faces Secession: Presentation of a Theoretical-Practical Analysis of the Spanish Experience in the Light of Comparative Law AlbertoLópez-BasagurenandLeireEscajedoSan-Epifanio Abstract Claims for secession have posed an exceptional challenge to different ‘federal’ systems; in other words, to political systems that are articulated upon the basis of extensive autonomy of the territories in which these kinds of claims have takenshape.Recentlytherehavebeenverysignificantclaimsofthisnature.Thisis thecaseofSpain.SpeciallyregardingthepoliticalcrisisinCatalonia. Theaimofthisvolumeistoanalyseboththecircumstancesandcharacteristicsof theseclaimswithinterritoriesthatenjoyawidepoliticalautonomyaswellastheway inwhichthesefederationshavedrivensuchclaims.Thefinalaimofthisanalysisis totrytoclarifyboththe‘reasons’atthebaseofsuchclaimsandthewaysinwhich federationscanachievesuccessorfailurefacingsuchcriticalclaims. Claims for secession have posed an exceptional challenge to different ‘federal’ systems; in other words, to political systems that are articulated upon the basis of extensive autonomy of the territories in which these kinds of claims have taken shape. Recently there have been very significant claims of this nature. This is the caseofSpain,firstlyintheBasqueCountrywithwhatisknownastheplanIbarretxe (2001–2009) and, subsequently, with the secessionist process in Catalonia (since 2012). In both political processes a highly significant role has been played by the precedentsof similar processesin other federal systems. Most notably, theprocess experienced in Quebec (Canada) and, more recently, the political process in the United Kingdom which led to the referendum on the independence of Scotland, in2014. The aim of this volume, is to analyze the claims for secession that have been presentedinSpain inrecenttimes,especiallyinCatalonia,thedesirescontainedin those demand(s), the problems regarding the legal accommodation of the latter withintheSpanishconstitutionalsystem,andthepossiblealternativesfromafederal perspectiveinordertodefusethemajorpoliticalcrisisprovokedbysuchademand. A.López-Basaguren(*)·L.EscajedoSan-Epifanio UniversityoftheBasqueCountry(UPV/EHU),DepartmentofConstitutionalLawandHistory ofPoliticalThoughtandPoliticalandSocialMovements,Bilbao,Spain e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1 A.López-Basaguren,L.EscajedoSan-Epifanio(eds.),ClaimsforSecessionand Federalism,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59707-2_1 2 A.López-BasagurenandL.EscajedoSan-Epifanio A study that seeks to analyze the challenges the Spanish constitutional system is facingintheframeworkofthewaysinwhichotherfederalsystemshaveaddressed similarchallenges.Anecessarycomparativestudy,insofarastheseareunavoidable referencesintheconstitutionaltreatmentoftheseclaims.And,ultimately,usefulin orderthatSpainmightbenefitfromtheexperiencesofother‘federal’systems. Thisisaconsciousmethodologicaloption,whichfollowsthedialogicalmethod proposedbySujitChoudhryintheperspectiveofwhathasbeentermedthemigra- tionofConstitutionalideas.Amethodologicalapproachadoptedinitsworkbythe researchgroup—MultilevelConstitutionalismResearchGroup,oftheUniversityof the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)—the present volume being theproduct of one of itsinitiatives,developedoverthelastdecade. ThisworkisdirectlyrelatedtoTheWaysofFederalisminWesternCountriesand the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain (2 vols.), published by Springer in 2013.Itrepresentsanewstageonthepathofanalysisofthechallengesfacedbythe Spanish system of territorial autonomy, based on the experience, before similar challenges, of benchmark federal systems; in other words, those whose experience mightbeofinterest—andvalue—forasystemlikeSpain’s.Onthispath,therehave beentwomilestones:thestagingofthesuccessiveInternationalConferencesheldin Bilbao(BasqueCountry,Spain)underthebannerTheWaysofFederalism;thefirst in2011andthesecondin2015. The goal of the 2015 Conference was, specifically, to reflect and debate upon secessionist claims and the means of addressing these democratically within the framework of ‘federal’ systems. A group of well-known specialists in federalism from different countries around the world and specialists in the Spanish system of territorialautonomywerecalledontodelivertheircontributionsonthesetopics.It soughttoopenalineofworkinwhichanalysisofthechallengesfacingtheSpanish systemmightbeperformedinthecontextofdifferentfederalsystems,inthelightof their experience. Two major topics of debate were proposed. The first of these, related to the celebration of territorial referendums on the demands for secession, theirviability,competencetocallthem,whereappropriate,aswellastheprerequi- sitesfortheircelebrationandtheconsequencesoftheirresults.Isthisareferendum onself-determination?Whatmajoritycanreasonablybedemandedinorderforthis toberegardedasaclearmanifestationofadesireforsecession?Whatroleisplayed bytheneedtonegotiatetheconditionsofindependenceintheeventofafavourable result? Secondly, there had been reflection and debate with regard to the federal system as a means of addressing—and redirecting—secessionist claims. It is a question,inthissense,ofconsideringtheconditionsinwhichafederalsystemcan successfully perform this role, especially in multinational societies, in which the politicalforceswithsignificantsupportinsomeofthesesocietiesseektoestablishan independentState. BoththeInternationalConferenceof2015andthisworkwerebornofthedesire to contribute to an intellectually honest academic debate, removed from political activism and instrumentalisation, in a particularly difficult context which indeed rendered this debate all the more necessary. Since the distant origins of the works compiled in this volume, significant developments have taken place in the area of
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