CK-12-Earth-Science-For-Middle-School-Workbook-with-Answers

506 Pages·2013·1.79 MB·English

CK-12 Earth Science For
Middle School Workbook
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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AUTHOR
JeanBrainard,Ph.D.
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DanaDesonie,Ph.D.
JulieSandeen
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Contents www.ck12.org
Contents
1 MSWhatisEarthScience? Worksheets 1
1.1 TheNatureofScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 EarthScienceandItsBranches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 MSStudyingEarth’sSurfaceWorksheets 10
2.1 IntroductiontoEarth’sSurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 ModelingEarth’sSurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 TopographicMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 UsingSatellitesandComputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 MSEarth’sMineralsWorksheets 27
3.1 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 IdentificationofMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 FormationofMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 MiningandUsingMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 MSRocksWorksheets 44
4.1 TypesofRocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 IgneousRocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3 SedimentaryRocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 MetamorphicRocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5 MSEarth’sEnergyWorksheets 61
5.1 Earth’sEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.2 NonrenewableEnergyResource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3 Lesson5.3: RenewableEnergyResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6 MSPlateTectonicsWorksheets 74
6.1 InsideEarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.2 ContinentalDrift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.3 SeafloorSpreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.4 TheoryofPlateTectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7 MSEarthquakesWorksheets 89
7.1 StressinEarth’sCrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.2 NatureofEarthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.3 MeasuringandPredictingEarthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.4 StayingSafeinEarthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8 MSVolcanoesWorksheets 106
8.1 VolcanicActivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.2 VolcanicEruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.3 TypesofVolcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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8.4 IgneousLandformsandGeothermalActivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9 MSWeatheringandFormationofSoilWorksheets 122
9.1 Weathering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.2 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10 MSErosionandDepositionWorksheets 131
10.1 ErosionandDepositionbyFlowingWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.2 ErosionandDepositionbyWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.3 ErosionandDepositionbyWind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.4 ErosionandDepositionbyGlaciers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.5 ErosionandDepositionbyGravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
11 MSEvidenceAboutEarth’sPastWorksheets 151
11.1 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
11.2 RelativeAgesofRock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.3 AbsoluteAgesofRocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
12 MSEarth’sHistoryWorksheets 163
12.1 TheOriginofEarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
12.2 EarlyEarth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12.3 HistoryofEarth’sLifeForms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
13 MSFreshWaterWorksheets 176
13.1 WateronEarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.2 SurfaceWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
13.3 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
14 MSEarth’sOceansWorksheets 189
14.1 IntroductiontotheOceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
14.2 OceanMovements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
14.3 TheOceanFloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
14.4 OceanLife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
15 MSEarth’sAtmosphereWorksheets 205
15.1 TheAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
15.2 EnergyintheAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
15.3 LayersoftheAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
15.4 AirMovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
16 MSWeatherWorksheets 222
16.1 WeatherandWaterintheAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
16.2 ChangingWeather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
16.3 Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
16.4 WeatherForecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
17 MSClimateWorksheets 238
17.1 ClimateandItsCauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
17.2 WorldClimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
17.3 ClimateChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
18 MSEcosystemsandHumanPopulationsWorksheets 251
18.1 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
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18.2 CyclesofMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
18.3 TheHumanPopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
19 MSHumanActionsandtheLandWorksheets 264
19.1 LossofSoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
19.2 PollutionoftheLand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
20 MSHumanActionsandEarth’sResourcesWorksheets 273
20.1 UseandConservationofResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
20.2 UseandConservationofEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
21 MSHumanActionsandEarth’sWaterWorksheets 281
21.1 HumansandtheWaterSupply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
21.2 WaterPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
21.3 ProtectingtheWaterSupply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
22 MSHumanActionsandtheAtmosphereWorksheets 292
22.1 AirPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
22.2 EffectsofPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
22.3 ReducingAirPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
23 MSObservingandExploringSpaceWorksheets 305
23.1 Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
23.2 EarlySpaceExploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
23.3 RecentSpaceExploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
24 MSEarth,Moon,andSunWorksheets 318
24.1 PlanetEarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
24.2 Earth’sMoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
24.3 TheSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
24.4 TheSunandtheEarth-MoonSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
25 MSTheSolarSystemWorksheets 335
25.1 IntroductiontotheSolarSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
25.2 InnerPlanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
25.3 OuterPlanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
25.4 OtherObjectsintheSolarSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
26 MSStars,Galaxies,andtheUniverseWorksheets 352
26.1 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
26.2 Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
26.3 TheUniverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
27 CK-12EarthScienceforMiddleSchoolWorkbookAnswers 364
27.1 Chapter1: WhatisEarthScience? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
27.2 Chapter2: StudyingEarth’sSurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
27.3 Chapter3: Earth’sMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
27.4 Chapter4: Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
27.5 Chapter5: Earth’sEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
27.6 Chapter6: PlateTectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
27.7 Chapter7: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
27.8 Chapter8: Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
27.9 Chapter9: WeatheringandFormationofSoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
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27.10 Chapter10: ErosionandDeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
27.11 Chapter11: EvidenceAboutEarth’sPast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
27.12 Chapter12: Earth’sHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
27.13 Chapter13: Earth’sFreshWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
27.14 Chapter14: Earth’sOceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
27.15 Chapter15: Earth’sAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
27.16 Chapter16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
27.17 Chapter17: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
27.18 Chapter18: EcosystemsandHumanPopulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
27.19 Chapter19: HumanActionsandtheLand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
27.20 Chapter20: HumanActionsandEarth’sResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
27.21 Chapter21: HumanActionsandEarth’sWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
27.22 Chapter22: HumanActionsandtheAtmosphereWorksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
27.23 Chapter23: ObservingandExploringSpaceWorksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
27.24 Chapter24: Earth,Moon,andSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
27.25 Chapter25: TheSolarSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
27.26 Chapter26: Stars,Galaxies,andtheUniverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
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C 1
HAPTER
MS What is Earth Science?
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
1.1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
1.2 EARTH SCIENCE AND ITS BRANCHES
1
1.1. TheNatureofScience www.ck12.org
1.1 The Nature of Science
Lesson 1.1: True or False
Name___________________Class______________Date________
Writetrueifthestatementistrueorfalseifthestatementisfalse.
_____1. Scienceisasetofknowledgeandalsoawayofknowingthings.
_____2. Ascientifichypothesisisusefulonlyifitisproventobetrue.
_____3. Controlsarefactorsthatcouldaffecttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
_____4. Ascientificinvestigationalwaysbeginswithatheory.
_____5. Anexampleofascientifichypothesisisthatangelsdanceontheheadofapin.
_____6. Anexampleofascientifictheoryisthetheoryofplatetectonics.
_____7. AglobeisaphysicalmodelofplanetEarth.
_____8. Onlymodelsthatareperfectrepresentationsofrealityareusefulinscience.
_____9. Youshouldwearahoodietoprotectyourhairwhenyouworkinasciencelab.
_____10. Youshouldtakeafirstaidkitwhenyoudoascienceinvestigationinthefield.
Lesson 1.1: Critical Reading
Name___________________Class______________Date________
Readthispassagebasedonthetextandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
DoingScience: AnExample
Acertainfarmerishavinganerosionproblem. Shewantstokeepmoresoilonherfields. Shelearnsthatafarming
method called “no-till farming” allows farmers to plant seeds without plowing the land. She wonders if planting
seeds without plowing will reduce the erosion problem and help keep more soil on her land. Her question is this:
“Willusingtheno-tillmethodresultinlesssoilloss?”
First,thefarmerneedstolearnmoreaboutno-tillfarming. Shelooksupinformationinbooksandmagazinesinthe
library,searchestheInternet,andtalkstopeoplewhohavetriedthiswayoffarming. Shelearnsthatno-tillfarming
doesn’tdisturbthesoilandbreakupplantrootsthathelpholdsoilinplace. Bynotplowing,shethinks,shewillhave
less soil erosion. She forms this hypothesis: “If a field is not plowed, then it will have less soil loss.” A hypothesis
isareasonableanswertoaquestionthatcanbetested. Itmaybearightorwronganswer,butitmustbetestableto
beascientifichypothesis. Thefarmer’shypothesisistestable,soshedecidestoanexperimenttotestit.
Inanexperiment,justonefactorshouldbechangedtoseehowitaffectsanotherfactor. Thefactorthatischangedis
calledtheindependentvariable. Thefactorthatisaffectedisthecalledthedependentvariable. Intheexample, the
farmer’sindependentvariableisplowing/notplowing,andherdependentvariableisamountofsoilloss. Thefarmer
willprepareandplanttwofields. Onewillbeplowedandtheotherwillnot. Attheendofthegrowingseason, the
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farmer will assess the amount of soil lost from each field. Other than plowing, the farmer will keep everything the
sameforbothfields: thetypeofcrop,amountofwaterandfertilizer,andslopeanddirectionofthefield. Theseare
herexperimentalcontrols. Controlsarefactorsthatmightaffectthedependentvariable. Bycontrollingthesefactors,
thefarmerchangesonlytheplowingvariable,soshecanseetheimpactofthatonevariableonsoilloss.
Attheendofthegrowingseason,thefarmerestimatesthatonlyabouthalfasmuchsoilwaslostfromtheunplowed
fieldascomparedwiththeplowedfield. Doesthisresultsupportherhypothesis?
Questions
1. Statethequestionandhypothesisthatthefarmerposed.
2. Identifythefarmer’sindependentanddependentvariables.
3. Howdoesthefarmercontrolotherfactorsthatmightaffectthedependentvariable?
4. Whyisitnecessarytohavecontrolsinanexperiment?
5. Explainwhetherthefarmer’sresultsupportsherhypothesis.
Lesson 1.1: Multiple Choice
Name___________________Class______________Date________
Circletheletterofthecorrectchoice.
1. Stepsofthescientificmethodincludeallofthefollowingexcept
a. doingbackgroundresearch.
b. constructingahypothesis.
c. askingaquestion.
d. provingatheory.
2. Thedatacollectedinanexperimentshouldalwaysbe
a. labeled.
b. recorded.
c. reported.
d. alloftheabove
3. Iftheresultsofanexperimentdisproveahypothesis,thenthe
a. resultsshouldnotbereported.
b. hypothesisisjustatheory.
c. datamustcontainerrors.
d. noneoftheabove
4. Whichstatementaboutascientifictheoryisfalse?
a. Atheorycanneverbedisproven.
b. Atheoryissupportedbymanyobservations.
c. Atheorymaydevelopfromawell-supportedhypothesis.
d. Atheorymayberejectedifconflictingdataarediscovered.
5. Typesofscientificmodelsinclude
a. mathematicalequations.
b. computermodels.
c. physicalmodels.
d. alloftheabove
6. Whichofthefollowingisalabsafetyrule?
3