Civilian Bravery in the World Wars. (The National Archives)

35 Pages·2014·87.06 MB·English

by  Peter Hicks

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What is Bravery?
4
Trapped Behind Enemy Lines
6
The Lady on the Black Horse
8
Attack from Above
10
An Awful Splendour
12
Légion d’Honneur
14
Blitz!
16
Firefi ghter
18
Shark-infested Waters!
20
Hull had no Peace
22
Ammunition Train
24
Beyond Human Endurance
26
Research and Records
28
Glossary
30
Further Information
31
Innddex
32
AVERY
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for brraaavvvee dddeeeeddss iinn tthhee hheeaatt ooff
battlee.. Hoowwevveer, thhe decorattiioonn
of cciiivviiilliianns iss aa nneewweerr iiddeeaa
aaandd iitt wwass nnoott uunnttiill tthhee
sseeeccoonndddd hhaallf off tthe 1199tthh
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In 199444000,, thheee GGGeorgee Crossss wwass
eestaabblissheedd tttoo bee ggiven ffor galllanntryy annnd
iiisss ttthhee hhiiigggggghhheeesssttt cciviliaann awwardd.
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wweerree nnoott sseeeeeenn oorr rreeccooggggnniisseedd..
Civilians at War
Before World Wars I and II civilians were
only really affected by a conflict if they lived
near to the battlefield, or an army marched
through where they lived. The World Wars
changed this, because they were examples
of total war – when everybody became
involved. Men and women were conscripted
or ‘called up’ by the government, were asked
to work in more dangerous jobs and both
sides targeted industrial towns and cities.
(cid:3) Reservists are ‘called up’ for the
Civilians were now in the front line. armed forces in 1916. 5555555
T
NNaame:
Esmee Sartorius
Date:
August–November 1914
hen World War I began in Event: German invasion
August 1914, medical servicees of Belgium
ffooottorhrgge a tlnhaiers gBeerd i.n tTuihmsheby eA rcr oomuffyl c dwa enssruuoetaa llncttooiiptee essw wessllooilt h TMBLheoeelcgd aMiaatiolno:n –nsD: Suttacrh border
vvcohlaurnittaiersy sotregpapneids aitni.o Onnse a onfd themm
was the St. John’s Ambulance.
On 14 August, Esmee Sartorriuss,, a mmeemmber wwhhenn Geermmaann soldierss sudddeennlyy swooped
wwiitthh jjuusstt tthhrreeee mmoonntthhh’ss ttttrraaiinniinngg, fffooouuunnndddd iinntttoo tthhheee wwaarrddss llooookkkiinngggg ffoorr ddeesseeerrrttteeerrss oorr
herself in Brussseellss, the BBeellggiann ccaappiittaall.. chheckking that French ssoldiers were not
All the nurses were on staannddbby bbeeccauussee escaaping. Luckily Esmee spoke French,
a large battttle was expecteedd. TThheen it wass soo the Germanss thoughht she was Belgian.
announced that the Germannss wweerree juusst
WWheenn tthhee hhosppiittaall wass emptied of patiiennts,
outside the city and aall Allieed nnuurrsseess and
thhe BBritish nnuurrses deciided to try to escappee
wwounded would be evacuaateedd. However,,
Esmeee and her friends decided to bbaacckk ttoo BBrriittaaiinn tthhrouughh neeuutral Holland.
staay and help. On 16 Augustt, the Thheeiirr BBeellggiaann ffrieennddss ggave them somee
Germans marched into Brussels. monneyy aandd GGeermmann ppappeers tthhat would
EEsmmeee’s group was sent by the get tthhem too LLiièèggee,, aabbouutt 225 kkilometres
Belgian Red Cross to the city of ffromm tthhhhee bbboorrdddeerr.. TTThhhey crrowdddedd iinto an
Charleroi where they were ambuulannccee aanndd sseett offff. TTTThhee ambulance
to join up with other British coouulldd oonnllyy ttaakkee tthheemm ssoo ffaarr, but by train,
nuurses at a hosspital. ttrraamm aanndd wwaallkkiinngg tthheeyy rreaacchheed Liège.
Whhen tttthheeyy arrived, tthhee ccittyy was in FFrroomm ttherree,, EEssmmeeee foouunndd aa vveegetaabblee ccaart
rruinns aand ttthee hhospital waass full of Frencchh ttoo hiiddee inn ggooiinngg ttoo mmaarrkkett at Maaasstricht,
wwwwoouundddeeddd.. IItt wwas vveerry nneerrvvee-wwrraacckkkiinng aa ttoowwnn iinn HHoollllaanndd,, bbut aatt thhee froonntier
666
AAAAA SSSSSEEEECCCOOONNNNNDDDD TTTTTHHHHHHOOOOUUUUUUGGGGGGHHHHTTTTTT
WWWWWhhhhyyyy ddddoooo yyyyyyooouuuu tttthhhhiinnkkkk EEssmmeeee ddeecciiddeedddd ttoo ssttaayy
iin BBeellggiiiiuumm wwhheeeenn eevveerryyyyoonnee eellssssee wweenntt
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) MMMMaannyy woommeenn hheellpppeedd tthhee waarr eeffffoorrtt
bback too EEnnggllaand?
bby vvolunnteering foor oorrganisattions ssuucchh
as the Redd Cross.
thee drriivveerr wwoulldd oonnly rrisk taakingg tthreee Esmmeeee sshhoowweedd hhiimm tthheeir papers he was
ppeoopple. Esmmeee,, heerr frienndd aand aa Belgian impressseedd wwitthh thee GGeerman staampp. Laterr,
ggoott oouut aand trieedd ccrrawling unndeerr thhe tthheyy mmannaageedd ttoo bbrribe another sentry, annd
froonnttiieerr bbaarrbbeedd wwiirre.. AA seennttrry saaw thheem tthheeyy ccrrawwled unnder the wire into HHollandd.
aandd tthrreeeaatteeneeeedddd ttooo sssshhoooooottt!! HHoooowweeveer,, wheen WWiitthhiinn aaa ffeew ddaayyss ttheeyy weeree aat Fooolkeesstoonnee.
The Schlieffen Plan
Esmee was trapped by the German invasion
of Belgium. The German war plan, known as
the Schlieffen Plan, was designed to avoid
fighting France and Russia at the same time.
The plan was to defeat France quickly, by
going through neutral Belgium, surrounding
Paris and then turning east to take on Russia.
However, the German Army was slowed down
by the Allied forces and failed to reach Paris.
(cid:3) This offi cial British Christmas card
Russia entered the war much quicker than
shows ‘Tommy’ going into battle with
expected and attacked Germany in the east. rifl e and pipe!
7777777
NNaamme:
Mabel Ann St. Clair Stobart
Date:
October–December 1915
rs Mabel Ann St. Clair Stobart, Event:
an active campaaigner for The Great Retreat in Serbia
women’s rights and aa suffragist, TLhoec aBtailokna:n s
ffSooeurnvdiceed Ltheea gWuoem ienn ’11s999 N1144a tttiooo n‘‘pparrloo vviiddee… TMheed Oarld: ers of The White
ssReeertdv u iCpcr eoa sa hst,o hsbopumitt eia tol r wf aoarbs rotohvaeedr B’r. euSlnhg eib ayn EEagle and St. Sava
tttttthhhhheeee GGGGGermmmmmans!
In 1915, Mabel Ann wass askkeed bbyy tthhee AAll wentt wwelll unntil Octtober,, wwhheen German,
Serbian Relief Fund to run aa hhoossppiittaall in AAuussttrro-HHungarian andd Bulgariann troops
Serbia. She andd her nurrsseess set upp aa chhaain invaaddeed Serbia.
of clinics to heellpp tthhe thoouussanddss ooff SSeerrbbss
It wwas very one-sided: 30000,,000000 ffrreesshh
suffering from typhus, dipphhtthheeriiaa, smalllppoox
ttrrrooooooopppsss wwwiiittthhh aaarrrttiilllleerryy aaggggaaiinnsstt tthhee ttiirreedd,
and tuberculosis.
illll aanndd pooorrly eqquuippedd Serbss. Thhere wwasss
(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:4)TThhee ddiifffi cult mouunnttaainns oooff oonly oone tthhiinngg ttoo ddo: reetreat south.
Moontenegro that Mabel Annn’ss
parrty had to ccrosss tto rreaacchh
ssaaffeety in Albaania.
8888