Civil Society and Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Non-State Actors in International Law, Politics and Governance Series)

224 Pages·2008·0.9 MB·English

by  Claudia Kissling

CIVIL SOCIETY AND NUCLEAR
NON-PROLIFERATION
Non-State Actors in International Law,
Politics and Governance Series
Series Editors
Dr Math Noortmann, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Dr Bob
Reinalda, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Professor Dr Bas Arts,
Radboud Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), The Netherlands
The proliferation of non-state actors in the international system over the last three
decades has increased the need for a broader theoretical analysis and empirical
validation. The series explores the capabilities and impact of non-state actors, such
as privately-based transnational corporations, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), international criminal organizations, and liberation movements, as well
as intergovernmental organizations (in which NGOs often participate). The series
seeks to address this need and to deepen the knowledge and understanding of non-
state actors by scholars, practitioners and students in the fields of international law,
politics and governance. By emphasizing legal, political and governance aspects of
non-state actors’ activities at the international (global or regional) level, the series
intends to transcend traditional disciplinary and organizational boundaries.
Also in the series
The Romani Voice in World Politics
The United Nations and Non-State Actors
Ilona Klímová-Alexander
ISBN 978 0 7546 4173 5
Surviving Global Change?
Agricultural Interest Groups in Comparative Perspective
Edited by Darren Halpin
ISBN 978 0 7546 4204 6
Choosing the Lesser Evil
Understanding Decision Making in Humanitarian Aid NGOs
Liesbet Heyse
978 0 7546 4612 9
Closing or Widening the Gap?
Legitimacy and Democracy in Regional Integration Organizations
Edited by Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann and Anna van der Vleuten
ISBN 978 0 7546 4968 7
Civil Society and Nuclear
Non-Proliferation
How do States Respond?
CLAUDIA KISSLING
University of Bremen, Germany
© Claudia Kissling 2008
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Claudia Kissling has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988,
to be identified as the author of this work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Gower House Suite 420
Croft Road 101 Cherry Street
Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405
Hampshire GU11 3HR USA
England
Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kissling, Claudia, 1969-
Civil society and nuclear non-proliferation : how do states
respond? - (Non-state actors in international law, politics
and governance series)
1. Nuclear nonproliferation - International cooperation
2. Non-governmental organizations 3. Civil society
I. Title
327.1'747
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kissling, Claudia, 1969-
Civil society and nuclear non-proliferation : how do states respond / by Claudia
Kissling.
p. cm. -- (Non-state actors in international law, politics and governance series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-7300-2
1. Nuclear nonproliferation--International cooperation. 2. Non-governmental
organizations. 3. Civil society. I. Title.
JZ5675.K57 2008
327.1'747--dc22
2007041406
ISBN 978 0 7546 7300 2
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall.
Contents
List of Tables and Boxes vii
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
Part I: A Study of Deliberative Democracy in the Security Field
1 Security Theories in Review 5
2 Legitimacy and Democracy in the Security Field? 9
Part II: The NPT and its Historical Embedding
3 The NPT Regime and its Anchoring within the Disarmament Debate 17
4 What’s the NPT all About? 23
The Substance of the Treaty 23
The Asymmetric Regime of the Treaty 29
The NPT under Stress 35
Part III: The 7th NPT Review Process
5 Overview and Course of the Review Process 41
6 Civil Society at the NPT Review Process 51
7 The Democratic Quality of Decision-Making During
the 7th Review Process 55
The Preconditions for Democratic Deliberation 55
Responsiveness 74
Conclusion 173
Annexes 179
Bibliography 195
Index 203
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List of Tables and Boxes
Tables
Table 6.1 Participation at the NPT review process (2002–2005) 51
Table 7.1 Reports submitted 110
Table 7.2 Sources of reports 111
Boxes
Box 4.1 13 Practical steps 28
Box 7.1 Open Letter to the Conference Secretariat and States Parties 66
Box 7.2 Major proposals at the 2005 RevCon 75
Box 7.3 Canada’s agenda 134
Box 7.4 NAC agenda 135
Box 7.5 NAM demands 155
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Foreword
This original study by Claudia Kissling of the University of Bremen fits our
series on non-state actors for two reasons. First, she demonstrates the working
of the international policy cycle following from the framing and passing of an
international treaty. In this case the implementation and monitoring facets of
an international agreement are discussed by a close analysis of the 7th Review
Conference of the parties to the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (NPT), which took place at the United Nations in 2005. Hence, the author
deals with topical developments and sheds light on politically difficult relations,
not the least because of the strengthened security controls since 11 September
2001. The outcome of the NPT Review Conference was limited, as no substantial
agreement could be reached. The author discusses this process and its outcome in
a much nuanced way and makes the reader understand what is going on at such
a diplomatic and political event with its own formal and informal arrangements.
Secondly, the volume discusses the role of non-governmental or civil society
organizations participating in this review process. To many this may not be an
obvious relationship, as security normally is regarded as a matter of ‘high politics,’
rather than one of governments and non-governmental organizations. However,
the growing numbers of nuclear weapons and their carriers during the 1950s
were accompanied by scientists publicly expressing their great anxiety about the
consequences of nuclear weapons and their wish of effective control. In 1955
Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein published their famous manifesto, which in
1957 was followed by the first Pugwash Conference taking place in Canada and
stimulating public debate. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 confirmed the fact
that the world could be ‘on the brink’ of the use of these destructive weapons. The
non-fatal outcome of this crisis helped to create various international agreements
preventing the use of nuclear weapons, among them the 1968 Non-Proliferation
Treaty. Because an institutionalized access of non-governmental organizations to
the NPT process and its negotiating forums had been in existence since 1994, the
author selected the non-proliferation regime for her research on the contribution
of non-governmental organizations to regime building and its democratic quality.
Through process tracing as well as content and argumentation analysis the reader
learns about the ways in which governments are carefully protecting their interests
in this regime, whereas at the same time the intensive lobbying on the part of non-
governmental organizations is leaving some mark on the negotiations. Although
the author’s hypotheses are answered in the negative, her skilful exposé shows that
it was correct to address the role of non-governmental organizations in the non-
proliferation monitoring process. We have a better understanding of the existing