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CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA This book compares contemporary civil service systems across East and Southeast Asia, a dynamic region of greater diversity in local administrative tradition, imported models of modern administration, and the character of prevailing political institutions. Featuring chapters on Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, this book provides a detailed analysis of key aspects of the civil service system, including centralization, recruitment, classification, openness of positions, performance assessment, promotion, training, and senior civil service. It distinguishes four modes of public employment, namely, bureaucratization, professionalization, politicization, and marketization, to develop a conceptual framework for comparing the civil service system at the operational level. The region’s contemporary civil service systems appear to be hybrid systems that combine, at varying degree, these modes of public employment, responding to administrative reform pressures. The patterns of public employment across East and Southeast Asia reflect local administrative traditions, imported Western models of administration, and the relative timing of democratization and bureaucratization. With contributions from leading local experts across the region, this book will be invaluable to students, scholars, and practitioners interested in Asian public administration, especially civil service systems. Chong-Min Park is Professor Emeritus of Public Administration and former dean of the College of Political Science and Economics at Korea University, Seoul, South Korea. Yousueng Han is Assistant Professor in the Department of Global Public Administration at Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea. Yongjin Chang is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Global Management at Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan. “This book about the diverse civil service systems of East and Southeast Asia continues an important line of research that covers more than five decades. . . . Scholars and practitioners with serious interests in civil service systems will want this book.” James L. Perry, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Chancellor’s Professor of Public and Environmental Affairs Emeritus, Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University “This insightful book uses the cultural aspects of the Confucian tradition and non- Confucian traditions to explore and compare the variations in the modes of public employment among ten countries in East and Southeast Asia.” Soonhee Kim, Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, South Korea “It is very rare and convenient to find in a single volume such clear and concise analyses by a dozen experts who carefully considered the changing contexts and conditions of the civil service.” David Chan, Professor of Psychology & Director, Behavioural Sciences Initiative, Singapore Management University CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Edited by Chong-Min Park, Yousueng Han and Yongjin Chang First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Chong-Min Park, Yousueng Han and Yongjin Chang; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Chong-Min Park, Yousueng Han and Yongjin Chang to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Park, Chong-Min, editor. | Han, Yousueng, editor. | Chang, Yongjin, editor. Title: Civil service systems in East and Southeast Asia / edited by Chong-Min Park, Yousueng Han and Yongjin Chang. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022030092 (print) | LCCN 2022030093 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032353579 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032351216 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003326496 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Civil service—East Asia. | Civil service—Southeast Asia. | Public administration—East Asia. | Public administration—Southeast Asia. Classification: LCC JQ1499.A67 C58 2023 (print) | LCC JQ1499.A67 (ebook) | DDC 352.6/3—dc23/eng/20220923 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030092 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030093 ISBN: 978-1-032-35357-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-35121-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32649-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003326496 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xii Acknowledgments xv Comparing Civil Service Systems: Bureaucratization, Professionalization, Politicization, and Marketization 1 Chong-Min Park, Yousueng Han, and Yongjin Chang PART I Civil Service Systems With the Confucian Tradition 25 1 Japan 27 Motomichi Otani 2 South Korea 45 Juhyun Nam 3 Taiwan 58 Bennis Wai Yip So 4 Singapore 71 James Low viii Contents 5 Hong Kong 80 Wilson Wong and Raymond Hau-yin Yuen 6 Vietnam 98 Ngo Thanh Can PART II Civil Service Systems With Non-Confucian Traditions 117 7 Indonesia 119 Eko Prasojo, Defny Holidin, and Fajar Wardani Wijayanti 8 Thailand 151 Amporn Tamronglak 9 Malaysia 171 Khadijah Md Khalid and Nur Hairani Abd Rahman 10 The Philippines 203 Maria Fe Villamejor-Mendoza and Minerva Sanvictores Baylon Conclusion 235 Chong-Min Park, Yongjin Chang, and Yousueng Han Index 242 FIGURES 1.1 National Personnel Authority 29 1.2 Current situation of basic labor rights 33 1.3 Process of remuneration recommendation 34 1.4 Basic framework of the personnel evaluation system 37 1.5 Utilization of evaluation results 38 1.6 Double piece model 40 1.7 Training programs provided by the National Personnel Authority 42 2.1 Composition of civil service 49 2.2 Civil service rank system of central administration 49 2.3 Training program of civil service 53 3.1 Structure of central government in Taiwan 59 6.1 The structure of the Ministry of Home Affairs 102 6.2 The local administrative organizational levels 106 6.3 The training institute system 113 7.1 The civil servant recruitment process 124 7.2 ASN composition 131 7.3 Communication between BKN and the public on social media (Twitter) 132 7.4 Promotion, rotation, and career of civil servants in Indonesia 137 7.5 Improvement of performance management 138 8.1 Performance management process in Thai public sector 160 9.1 Malaysian government structure (Mokhtar 2011) 174 9.2 Organizational chart 178 9.3 Secondment, temporary transfer, and permanent exchange 187 10.1 The organizational chart of the civil service commission 206