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Civil Rights Movement PDF

34 Pages·2011·4.683 MB·English
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BY JIM OLLHOFF V ISIT US AT . . WWW ABDOPUBLISHING COM Published by ABDO Publishing Company, 8000 West 78th Street, Suite 310, Edina, MN 55439. Copyright ©2011 by Abdo Consulting Group, Inc. International copyrights reserved in all countries. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. ABDO & Daughters™ is a trademark and logo of ABDO Publishing Company. Printed in the United States of America, North Mankato, Minnesota. 112010 012011 Editor: John Hamilton Graphic Design: John Hamilton Cover Design: Neil Klinepier Cover Photo: Getty Images Interior Photos and Illustrations: Corbis-pgs 10-11, 12, 23; Getty Images-pgs 12, 13, 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26-27, 27, 28-28; Granger Collection-pgs 4-5, 8, 9, 14, 16-17, 18, 20-21; iStockphoto-pgs 6-7. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ollhoff, Jim, 1959- The civil rights movement / Jim Ollhoff. p. cm. -- (African-American history) Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61714-709-8 1. Civil rights movements--United States--History--20th century--Juvenile literature. 2. African Americans--Civil rights--History--20th century--Juvenile literature. 3. United States--Race relations--Juvenile literature. I. Title. E185.61.O37 2011 323.0973--dc22 2010038246 CONTENTS The Civil Rights Movement .................................................................................4 Segregation in the Schools ....................................................................................6 A Murder That Rocked the Nation ...................................................................10 The Rise of Martin Luther King Jr. ...................................................................14 The Bus to Civil Rights ........................................................................................16 Nonviolent Protests ..............................................................................................20 Birmingham, Alabama .........................................................................................24 The March on Washington .................................................................................26 Breaking Down the Walls of Racism ................................................................28 Glossary ...................................................................................................................30 Index ........................................................................................................................32 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Racism is like a brick wall made of always will be. There will hatred, fear, and ignorance. From probably always be people who 1954 to 1964, that wall started to are full of hatred for one group or come down, little by little, brick another. However, the civil rights by brick. During this decade, the movement was a time when the civil rights movement saw a racist ugliness of great injustice was and unjust society begin to make revealed for everyone to see. real progress. It took the courage Before the civil rights movement, of brilliant black leaders. It took injustices and inequality were court cases and federal action. tolerated in the United States. It took nonviolent resistance. There is still racism today, And, tragically, it took the blood and equality is still only a dream of innocent people, killed for for many. But the courage of seeking freedom and equality. the leaders of the civil rights There has always been racism. movement brought a new Unfortunately, there probably freedom for African Americans. 4 Martin Luther King Jr. leads a protest march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery in March 1965. The protesters were demanding voter registration rights for African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr. 5 SEGREGATION IN THE SCHOOLS Since the late 1800s, state courts cases questioning segregation laws. had ruled that schools could be Thurgood Marshall argued the segregated. In other words, they case for the black community. He said it was okay to have “whites- said that separate schools meant only” schools and “blacks-only” that the schools were unequal, schools. However, in the 1930s and did not give black children and in the years following, many a fair education. The Supreme people challenged that belief. Court agreed, and struck down In 1954, the United States segregation in schools in the case Supreme Court heard a series of of Brown v. Board of Education. 6 7 Elizabeth Eckford (in sunglasses) is verbally abused as she walks to class in September 1957 at Little Rock Central High School, in Little Rock, Arkansas. Some communities ignored Faubus sent in Arkansas National the Supreme Court’s ruling. Guard soldiers to keep the Others partially ignored it. Little peace and turn away the African Rock, Arkansas, became a famous American students. battleground. In September 1957, By the end of September 1957, a number of black students tried to President Dwight Eisenhower, enroll at an all-white high school. angered by the governor’s White segregationists opposed disobedience of the Supreme the black enrollment. Tempers Court ruling, sent in federal and lawsuits increased. Finally, troops to enforce integration and segregationist Governor Orval protect the black students. 8

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