Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present PDF
Preview Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
CIVIL RESISTANCE AND POWER POLITICS This page intentionally left blank Civil Resistance and Power Politics The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present Edited by ADAM ROBERTS TIMOTHY GARTON ASH 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto WithoYcesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork qTheseveralcontributors2009 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2009 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–955201–6 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Preface Civilresistancehasbecomeanincreasinglysalientfeatureofinternationalpolitics overthelasthalf-century,fromtheUScivilrightsmovementandCzechoslovakia inthe1960stotheso-called‘colourrevolutions’ineasternEuropeandBurma’s ‘moment of the monks’ in the 2000s. We believe that the phenomenon of non- violentactiondeservesmorestudythanithassofarreceived,andthatitshould beexaminedinabroadercomparativecontextofinternationalrelations,politics, andcontemporaryhistory. Attheheartofthisbookarenineteencasestudiesofmajorhistoricalepisodes inwhichcivilresistanceplayedanimportantpart.Eachchapteristheworkofan individual author, with his or her own distinctive approach, style and special interests. Bibliographical references and all but the most familiar abbreviations havebeenspeltoutatWrstmentionineverychapter,sothateachcanbereadon its own. We have, however, gone to considerable lengths, both in the original design and in the detailed editing of this book, to try to ensure a common intellectual agenda. Carefullychosen documentary photographs are reproduced atappropriatepointsineachchapter.Extendedcaptions,writtenbytheeditorsin close consultation with individual authors, both explain the particular circum- stancesandhighlighttheillustrations’relevancetolargerthemes. This is the Wrst major publication of the Oxford University Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics. We print below a list of seventeen questions addressedtocontributorsatthestartoftheproject.Ofcoursenotallarerelevant to or can be answered in each case, and others have emerged as research has progressed.Thesequestionsexemplifytheproject’sconcerntoexplore,rigorously and sceptically, the historical roles played by civil resistance, and to clarify the relationshipbetweencivilresistanceandotherelementsofpower.Thatrelation- shipturnsouttobemoremultifacetedthanmanyproponentsofcivilresistance, orindeedofpowerpolitics,mighthaveexpected.Someoftheseconnectionsare furtherteasedoutintheeditors’introductoryandconcludingchapters. A.R.,T.G.A. Oxford, March2009 Acknowledgements FirstandforemostwethankallourcolleaguesontheOxfordUniversityproject on‘CivilResistanceandPowerPolitics:DomesticandInternationalDimensions’, which was established in 2006. The project held an international conference at Oxfordon15–18March2007.Thiswasattendednotonlybyacademicexpertson particular cases of civil resistance, but also by participants in the campaigns, journalistsandwriterswhohadreportedonthem,andoYcialswhohadinone wayoranotherbeeninvolvedinrespondingtothem. OurdeepestthanksgotoDrThomasRichardDavies,whoservedfromJanuary 2006toMarch2008asResearchAssociateoftheproject,andwhosecontributions totheproject,fromtheMarch2006workshoptotheMarch2007conference,and then to this book, were all outstanding. Without his work, which combined eYciency,deepunderstanding,andhelpfulnesstowardallinvolvedinthisenter- prise,wecouldnothavereachedtheWnishingtapeofpublicationsosoon. Wealsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoourfellowmembersoftheproject’s OrganizingCommittee,JudithBrown,PeterCarey,RanaMitter,AlexPravda,and JanZielonka,allofwhomplayedacentralroleinguidingtheprojectasawhole, selecting contributors, and subsequently helping to edit the chapters in this volume. WeareindebtedtoSirMartinGilbertforpreparingtheendpapermap.Inthe searchforphotographswehadtalentedassistancefromDanielHemelatOxford University,andfromSteveYorkandRaganCarpenterofYorkZimmermanInc., Washington,DC.WhileeveryeVortwasmadetocontactthecopyrightholdersof material in this book, in some cases we were unable to do so. If the copyright holderscontacttheauthororpublisher,wewillbepleasedtorectifyanyomission attheearliestopportunity. Ensuring that chapters in a wide-ranging book such as this have elements of common structure and style, and are clear to non-specialists, is no simple task. We are grateful to Kate Upshon for some exceptionally judicious subediting; to Małgorzata Gorska for invaluable assistance in commenting on and revising several chapters; to Mary-Jane Fox for rigorous comments on the Introduction and the project as a whole; and, at Oxford University Press, to our editor, DominicByatt,tomembersoftheeditorialstaV,especiallyLizzySuZing,Louise Sprake,andAimeeWright;andtothecopy-editor,TomChandler. Most of the chapters are based on papers presented at the March 2007 conference,whichwerealwaysintendedforpublication.Inthisvolumewehave includedrevisedtextsofthosepapersthatdealtwithparticularcasesratherthan withmoregeneralorabstractthemes,andwehaveaddedanewchapter,onthe eventsinBurmain2007.Wehavealsoincludedthreechapters(theWrsttwoand thelast)exploringhowcivilresistanceandpowerpoliticsinteract,andsituating Acknowledgements vii the themes pursued in this volume in the context of other literature on civil resistanceandpoliticalchange. ThechaptershavebeengreatlyenrichedbythecommentsandreXectionsofthe participants in the conference, and we would especially like to thank for their contributions theotherconferencespeakers: Peter Ackerman, Alan Angell, Wil- liam Beinart, Kenneth BloomWeld, Stephen Bosworth, Richard Caplan, Martin Ceadel, Paul Chaisty, Thomas Richard Davies, Mient Jan Faber, James Fenton, Lars Frede´n, Carlos Gaspar, David Goldey, Adrian Guelke, Hydajet Hyseni, Mkhuseli Jack, Konrad Jarausch, Mary Kaldor, Mary King, Monika Mac- Donagh-Pajerova´, Michael McFaul, Abbas Milani, Grazina Miniotaite, Edward Mortimer,GhiaNodia,LucyNusseibeh,BhikhuParekh,ChrisPatten,MinxinPei, Frank Pieke, Srdja Popovic´, Dmytro Potekhin, Bob Purdie, Janusz Reykowski, Berel Rodal, Zita Seabra, Jacques Semelin, Gene Sharp, Patricio Silva, Jonathan Steele, Ed de la Torre, Samuel Valenzuela, Wang Juntao, David Washbrook, Laurence Whitehead, Harris WoVord, Steve York, and Zarni. For the smooth running of the conference, we are especially grateful to Denise Line of the European Studies Centre, and to Emily Speers Mears and Małgorzata Gorska, thegraduatestudentassistants.Fortheirparticipationinthepreparatorywork- shopfortheconference,wewouldliketothankArshinAdib-Moghaddam,Cath Collins,RichardCrampton,MichaelFreeden,AlanKnight,TeresaPintoCoelho, WilliamSmith,MarcStears,andSherrillStroschein. TheprojectonCivilResistanceandPowerPoliticsisrunundertheauspicesof the Centre for International Studies in Oxford University’s Department of Pol- iticsandInternationalRelationsandtheEuropeanStudiesCentreatStAntony’s College, Oxford: we are very grateful for the support of the Directors of these institutions, Andrew Hurrell, Neil MacFarlane, and Kalypso Nicola¨ıdis. We also owe special thanks to Esther Byrom for her handling of numerous research fundingapplications. Without the support of a number of generous funders, this book would not have been possible. We would like to thank particularly: Peter Ackerman and Berel Rodal at the International Center on Nonviolent ConXict in Washington, DC; Judy Barsalou, April Hall, Steve Riskin, and Trish Thomson at the United States Institute of Peace; Markus Baumanns and Michael Go¨ring at the Zeit Foundation; Kristian Netland at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign AVairs; Stephen Heintz and Hope Lyons at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund; Maciek Hawrylak and JeV Senior at the Canadian Department of Foreign AVairs and International Trade; Joan Link and Matthew Preston at the British Foreign and CommonwealthOYce;andtheResearchGrantsstaVoftheBritishAcademy. This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofIllustrations xi ListofContributors xvi ListofInitialQuestions xx 1. Introduction 1 AdamRoberts 2. PeoplePowerandProtest:TheLiteratureonCivilResistance inHistoricalContext 25 AprilCarter 3. GandhiandCivilResistanceinIndia,1917–47:KeyIssues 43 JudithM.Brown 4. TheUSCivilRightsMovement:PowerfromBelowand Above,1945–70 58 DougMcAdam 5. TheInterplayofNon-violentandViolentActionin NorthernIreland,1967–72 75 RichardEnglish 6. TheDialecticsofEmpire:SovietLeadersandtheChallenge ofCivilResistanceinEast-CentralEurope,1968–91 91 MarkKramer 7. CivilResistanceinCzechoslovakia:FromSovietInvasionto ‘VelvetRevolution’,1968–89 110 KieranWilliams 8. Towards‘Self-limitingRevolution’:Poland,1970–89 127 AleksanderSmolar 9. Portugal:‘TheRevolutionoftheCarnations’,1974–75 144 KennethMaxwell 10. MassProtestsintheIranianRevolution,1977–79 162 ErvandAbrahamian 11. ‘PeoplePower’inthePhilippines,1983–86 179 AmadoMendozaJr 12. PoliticalMassMobilizationagainstAuthoritarianRule: Pinochet’sChile,1983–88 197 CarlosHuneeus
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