Civil Military Relations in Pakistan. 2000-2008. PhD Thesis

267 Pages·2.388 MB·English

by  Zahir Shah

CIVIL – MILITARY RELATIONS IN
PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF PERVEZ
MUSHARRAF ERA (2000-2008)
BY
ZAHIR SHAH
Thesis submitted to Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Ph. D

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN
SESSION (2015 – 18)

DEDICATION
To my parents, children and my dear wife Farah Shah
Abstract
Institutional imbalance has been the hall mark in the state of Pakistan right from
the time of its inception in 1947. It has inherited the whole state apparatus from
the British Raaj, including legal, political and military institutions. Talking
about administrative and political institutions, especially the military one,
remained imbalanced in terms of their respective maturity and growth. Main
reason for the institution imbalance is our weak political institution and non-
democratic political parties which could not bring strong dynamic and
sustainable political institutions.
Failure of political administration and bureaucratic regimes caused to create
space for army into the political domain which was more organized, strong and
disciplined. During the history of Pakistan four military regimes have imposed
martial law, political activities and parties were banned, censorship on media
was imposed, assemblies were dissolved and constitution was suspended and
abrogated.
Besides the mentioned internal factors, external factors like geo-strategic
location of Pakistan and its security-centered foreign policy also plays
important role in supporting such anti-democratic steps by the military. The
findings revealed that poor governance and legitimacy crises has contributed to
the imbalance between the civil-military relations.
This study investigated to discern the fluctuation in the Civil-Military relations,
especially during Musharraf regime. Qualitative and Quantitative methods have
been used to analyze the variable dynamics which interplay significant role in
the Civil-Military relations.
List of Abbreviations
SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization
WWII World War II
NCA National Command Authority
NWFP North Western frontier Province
LOC Line of Control
COAS Chief of Army Staff
GHQ General Head Quarter
AL Awami League
VCOAS Vice Chief of Army Staff
DG-ISI Director General Inter-Services Intelligence
PLM (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)
CMR Civil Military Relations
CIA-ISI Central Investigation agency – Inter Services
Intelligence
JCSC Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
NAB National Accountability Bureau
TTP Tehreek e Taliban Pakistan
LFO Legal Framework Order
PCO Provisional Constitution Order
HRCP Human Right Commission of Pakistan
PPP Pakistan People Party
MMA Mutahidda Majlis e Amal
MQM Muhtahidda Qaumi Movement
ARD Alliance for Restoration of Democracy
GDP Gross Domestic Product
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
CEO Chief & Executive Officer
SC Supreme Court
PTI Pakistan Tahreek e Insaaf
NACTA National Counter Terrorism Authority
DCC Defense Committee of the Cabinet
PILDAT Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development
and Transparency
FGCM Field General Court Martial
NDMA National Disaster Management Agency
ECW Construction Work
FIA Federal Investigation Agency
NRB National Reconstruction Bureau
LGO Local Government Ordinance
DC Deputy Commissioner
DCO District Coordination Officer
FPSC Federal Public Service Commission
KPK Khyber Pakhtun Khwa
CMLA Chief Minister of Legislative Assembly
Table of Contents
Chapter One ..................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
Historical Accounts ..................................................................................................... 3
Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 25
Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................. 25
Research Questions .................................................................................................... 26
Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 26
Organization of Study ................................................................................................ 27
Chapter Two .................................................................................................................. 29
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 29
Works Related to Civil-Military Relation in Pakistan ............................................... 29
Theoretical Paradigms ............................................................................................... 44
Chapter Three ................................................................................................................ 68
THE MUSHARRAF ERA ............................................................................................. 68
Political Maneuvering Of Musharraf ..................................................................... 73
Legal Framework Order 2002 ................................................................................... 80
Uniform Issue ............................................................................................................ 84
The Event of 9/11 ...................................................................................................... 90
Devolution of Power .................................................................................................. 92
Military and Religious Parties ................................................................................... 92
War on Terror and Musharraf ................................................................................ 93
End of Musharraf Era ................................................................................................ 93
General Musharraf’s Seven Points Agenda ............................................................... 97
Islamization under Pervez Musharraf ...................................................................... 100
Treason Case against Musharraf .............................................................................. 105
Party Pledges on Civil-Military Relations ............................................................... 107
Institutional Solutions for Civil-Military Relations ................................................. 109
Revised Military Doctrine – not from Democratic Government ............................. 110
.Revelations made on Kargil Operation ................................................................... 111
Lal Masjid Commission ........................................................................................... 112
Amend the Army Act: Asks the Supreme Court ..................................................... 113
Rising Power of Civil-Military Bureaucracy ........................................................... 123
Security Threat ........................................................................................................ 126