Civil Liability for Accidents at Sea PDF
Preview Civil Liability for Accidents at Sea
International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs 2 3 at the University of Hamburg S R I A F F A E M I T I R Sarah Fiona Gahlen A M N Civil Liability for O S E Accidents at Sea I D U T S G R U B M A H 123 International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Maritime Affairs at the University of Hamburg Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs Volume 32 Editedby Ju¨rgenBasedow MonikaBreuch-Moritz PeterEhlers HartmutGraßl TatianaIlyina FlorianJeßberger LarsKaleschke Hans-JoachimKoch RobertKoch DorisKo¨nig RainerLagoni GerhardLammel UlrichMagnus PeterMankowski StefanOeter MarianPaschke ThomasPohlmann UweSchneider DetlefStammer Ju¨rgenSu¨ndermann Ru¨digerWolfrum WilfriedZahel More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6888 Sarah Fiona Gahlen Civil Liability for Accidents at Sea SarahFionaGahlen WaltherSchu¨ckingInstituteofInternationalLaw UniversityofKiel Kiel Germany Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwu¨rde an der Fakulta¨t fu¨r Rechtswissenschaft der Universita¨tHamburg vorgelegtvonSarahFionaGahlen Erstgutachter:Prof.Dr.RainerLagoni,LL.M.(Colombia) Zweitgutachter:Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c.MarianPaschke Tagdermu¨ndlichenPru¨fung:28.07.2014 ISSN1614-2462 ISSN1867-9587(electronic) ISBN978-3-662-45554-8 ISBN978-3-662-45555-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-45555-5 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015932252 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgements ThisbookistheresultofadoctoralthesisundertakenattheUniversityofHamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, supportedbyascholarshipfromtheInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchoolof Maritime Affairs. I therefore wish to express my gratitude to all persons within theseinstitutionswhomadethisprojectpossible. Firstandforemost,Iamindebtedtomysupervisor,ProfessorDr.RainerLagoni, whose constant advice on the topic and related fields of research has been of indefinite value to me. My sincere thanks also go to my friends and colleagues at the Research School and the Institute, namely to Sole`ne Guggisberg, Lina Lumetzberger, Young-Kyung Yoon, Victor Chac(cid:2)on, Lief Bleyen and Tess Chemnitzer, who witnessed the progress of this work and made my time at the Institutesomuchmoreenjoyable.BarbaraSchro¨derhelpedmewithmanypractical aspects of this project, and Michael Friedman provided a lot of assistance in the finalediting. PartsofthisstudyhavegreatlybenefitedfromastayattheRotterdamInstitute forShippingandTransportLawatthe Erasmus UniversityRotterdam.Itherefore wishtothankProfessorFrankSmeele,whoinitiatedmyvisit,andeveryoneelseat theInstituteandtheErasmusSchoolofLawforaninsightfulandverypleasanttime inRotterdam. Lastbutnotleast,IwanttothankmyfriendsinBerlin,Hamburgandelsewhere for their support and encouragement. Mentioning everyone would render this paragraphaverylongone—Itrustthatallofmyfriendsknowthattheycontributed, inmanydifferentways,totheachievementofthiswork.Finally,Iwanttoexpress my gratitude and my love to my parents, who have played a very unique role in supportingthisventure. Hamburg,Germany SarahFionaGahlen September2014 v ThiSisaFMBlankPage Abbreviations BGBl. Bundesgesetzblatt BOPC InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollution Damage,2001 CLC InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollution Damage,1969 CMI Comite´ MaritimeInternational ECJ EuropeanCourtofJustice EEZ ExclusiveEconomicZone EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation EGBGB Einfu¨hrungsgesetzzumBu¨rgerlichenGesetzbuch EMSA EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency EU EuropeanUnion FUND InternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofanInternational FundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage,1971,as amended HNS HazardousandNoxiousSubstances HNSC InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationfor DamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxious SubstancesbySea,1996 ILM InternationalLegalMaterials ILO InternationalLabourOrganization IMCO Inter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganization(original nameofIMO) IMDGC InternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode IMO InternationalMaritimeOrganization IOPCFunds InternationalOilPollutionCompensationFunds ISMCode InternationalSafetyManagementCode ITLOS InternationalTribunalfortheLawoftheSea vii viii Abbreviations LLMC InternationalConventionontheLimitationofLiabilityfor MaritimeClaims,1976 MARPOL InternationalConventiononthePreventionofPollutionfromShips 1973,asamendedbythe1978Protocol OILPOL InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionoftheSea byOil,1954 OMI OrganisationMaritimeInternationale PAL AthensConventionrelatingtotheCarriageofPassengersandtheir LuggagebySea,1974 RGBl. Reichsgesetzblatt s. Section SAR InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue,1979 SDR SpecialDrawingRight SNDP Substancesnocivesetpotentiellementdangereuses SOLAS InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974as amended UKTS UnitedKingdomTreatySeries UNCLOS UnitedNationsConventionoftheLawoftheSeas,1982 UNTS UnitedNationsTreatySeries US UnitedStates USC UnitedStatesCode WRC NairobiInternationalConventionontheRemovalofWrecks,2007 Contents Chapter1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PartI MaritimeAccidents Chapter2 MaritimeAccidentsfromaLegalPerspective.. . . . .. . . .. 7 A.MaritimeAccidentsandMarinePollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 I. The1969InterventionConvention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.TheRequirementofMaterialDamageorThreat Thereto................................. 11 2.TheExclusionofIntent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 a)TheDifferentiationAccordingtoMARPOL. . . . 15 b)DifficultiesandBorderlineCases. . . . . . . . . . . 18 II. The1969InternationalConventiononCivilLiability forOilPollutionDamage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.EventsCoveredbytheConvention. . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.DeliberatePollutionUndertheCLC. . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.DeliberatePollutionasaReasonofExoneration.... 22 III. The1982LawoftheSeaConvention. . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.Art.221UNCLOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.Art.211para.7UNCLOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 IV. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 B.MaritimeSafetyandtheProtectionofLifeandProperty atSea. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 30 I. SafetyofShips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.MaritimeCasualtiesintheFramework ofSOLAS.. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 32 a)TheRequirementofAdverseConsequences. . . . 33 b)Intent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.Art.94para.7UNCLOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 II. TheDutytoAssistPeopleinDistressatSea. . . . . . . . 40 ix
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