Civil Engineering Project Management (4th Edition)

294 Pages·2003·3.59 MB·English

Civil Engineering Project
Management
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Civil Engineering
Project Management
Fourth Edition
Alan C. Twort
BSC, FICE, FCIWEM
and
J. Gordon Rees
BSC(Eng), FICE, FCIArb
OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK
PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA01803
First published 1966
Second edition 1972. Reprinted in 1975, 1978, 1980, 1984
Third edition 1995
Fourth edition 2004
Copyright © 2004, A.C. Twort and J. Gordon Rees. All rights reserved
The right of A.C. Twort and J. Gordon Rees to be identified as the authors of
this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Acatalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 0 7506 5731 6
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 The development of construction procedures 1
1.1 The nature of civil engineering work 1
1.2 The most widely used contracts for construction 2
1.3 Other long-standing procedures 3
Lump sum construction contracts 3
Cost reimbursement contracts 3
Design and build contracts 4
1.4 Growing use of design, build and operate contracts 4
1.5 Developments in the later 1980s 5
1.6 New approaches to construction contracts in the 1990s 6
1.7 Introduction of ‘Private Finance Initiative’ 7
1.8 Public–Private Partnerships 8
1.9 Partnering 8
1.10 Project Management 9
1.11 Operational or service contracts and ‘Facilities Management’ 10
1.12 Framework Agreements 11
1.13 Influence of computers and information technology 11
1.14 Acriticism of certain systems 13
1.15 Ancillary contractual practices 14
2 Procedures for design and construction 17
2.1 Promoter’s obligations 17
2.2 Importance of feasibility studies 18
2.3 Options for design 19
(a) Design by promoter or a consultant 19
(b) Outline designs provided with detailed design by others 19
(c) Layout design by promoter; detailed design by contractor 20
(d) Functional specification by promoter: design by contractor 20
2.4 Options for construction 20
(a) Direct labour construction 20
(b) Construction divided into trades 21
(c) Main civil contractor supplies all ancillary services 21
vi Contents
(d) Civil contractor constructs; promoter orders 21
plant separately
(e) Civil contractor orders all plant 22
(f) Plant supplier arranges building design and construction 22
2.5 Construction using forms of management contracting 23
(a) Construction management 23
(b) Management contracting 23
2.6 Design and build procedures and other options 24
(a) Design and build or ‘turn-key’contracts 24
(b) Design, build and operate contracts 25
(c) Engineer, procure and construct contracts 26
(d) Partnering 26
(e) ‘Term’or ‘Serial’contracting 26
2.7 Comment on possible arrangements 27
3 Payment arrangements, risks and project cost estimating 29
3.1 Methods of payment under different types of contract 29
(a) Rates only contracts 29
(b) Rates and prices for re-measurement contracts 29
(c) Lump sum contracts 31
(d) Cost reimbursement contracts 31
(e) Target contracts 32
(f) Payment under design, build and operate contracts 32
3.2 Other payment provisions 32
(a) Price variation provisions 32
(b) Payment terms 33
(c) Bonus payments 33
(d) ‘Ex-contractual’payments 34
(e) Pre-payments 34
3.3 Contractual risks arising during construction 35
3.4 Producing an initial cost-estimate of a project 36
3.5 Estimating the cost of a project at design stage 37
3.6 Project cost control 39
4 Contract conditions used for civil engineering work 40
4.1 Standard conditions of contract 40
4.2 Contract conditions produced by the UK Institution 40
of Civil Engineers
(a) ICE Conditions of Contract for Works of
Civil Engineering Construction 40
(b) ICE Conditions for Ground Investigations 41
(c) ICE Minor Works Conditions 42
(d) ICE Design and Construct Conditions 42
(e) ICE Term Version 43
(f) ICE Engineering and Construction Contract 43
(g) Partnering Addendum 44
Contents vii
4.3 Conditions published by the International Federation of
Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) 45
FIDIC ‘Red Book’Conditions, 4th Edition 45
1999 New forms 45
4.4 Other conditions for civil engineering or building work 46
GC/Works/1 – General Conditions of Government 46
Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Works,
Edition 3 (1991)
Joint Contracts Tribunal Conditions 46
4.5 Conditions mainly for plant and equipment supply 47
I Mech E Model Form A 47
I Mech E/IEE; MF/1 48
FIDIC 2nd and 3rd Editions: ‘Yellow Book’ 48
I Chem E ‘Red Book’Conditions 48
I Chem E ‘Green Book’Conditions 48
4.6 Other associated conditions 49
ACE Forms of Agreement 49
CECASub-contract forms 49
5 Preparing contract documents 50
5.1 Initial decisions 50
5.2 Roles of the key participants in a construction contract 51
5.3 The contract documents 52
Instructions to tenderers 53
General and particular conditions of contract 53
The specification 53
Bill of quantities or schedule of prices 53
Tender and appendices 54
The contract drawings 54
5.4 Bond, insurance, etc. 54
5.5 Writing specifications 55
5.6 Co-ordinating contracts for construction 57
Plant supply contracts 57
Site preparation contracts 58
Co-ordination requirements 59
5.7 The specification of general requirements 59
5.8 The specification for workmanship and materials 61
6 Tendering 64
6.1 Methods used for obtaining tenders 64
6.2 Tendering requirements and EC rules 65
6.3 Procedures under selective tendering 67
6.4 Requirements for fast completion 69
6.5 Issuing tender documents 69
6.6 Considering tenders 71
Opening tenders 71
viii Contents
Qualification attached to tenders 72
Checking tenders 72
6.7 Checking prices and comparing tenders 73
6.8 Choosing a tender 75
6.9 Offer by a tenderer to complete early 76
6.10 Procedure for accepting a tender 76
Publications giving guidance on tendering 78
Appendix: UK Regulations 79
7 The contractor’s site organization 80
7.1 Contractor’s site personnel 80
7.2 The agent 81
7.3 Site field personnel 82
7.4 Site office personnel 83
7.5 Accounting methods 84
7.6 Providing constructional plant and equipment 85
7.7 The contractor’s use of sub-contractors 86
7.8 Recent measures to alleviate sub-contract disputes 87
8 The employer and his engineer 89
8.1 Introduction 89
8.2 The role of the employer’s engineer under ICE conditions 89
8.3 Anote on alternative provisions of the ECC conditions 91
8.4 Limitations to the engineer’s powers under ICE conditions 91
8.5 The engineer’s duty to provide all necessary drawings 92
to the contractor
8.6 Quality assurance considerations 93
References 95
9 The resident engineer’s duties 96
9.1 The engineer’s representative on site – the resident engineer 96
9.2 Powers not delegated to the resident engineer 96
9.3 Usual powers delegated to the resident engineer 97
9.4 Some common problems 98
9.5 Some important points the resident engineer should watch 99
9.6 The resident engineer’s duties with regard to safety 100
9.7 Relationship between the resident engineer and 100
the contractor’s agent
9.8 Handling troubles 101
9.9 More difficult cases of trouble 102
9.10 The resident engineer’s staff 104
9.11 Gifts and hospitality 106
10 Health and safety regulations 107
10.1 Legal framework 107
10.2 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 107
Contents ix
10.3 The Health and Safety Plan required under CDM Regulations 109
10.4 The Health and Safety File required under CDM Regulations 110
10.5 Training 111
10.6 Approved Code of Practice under CDM Regulations 111
10.7 The Management of Health and Safety at 112
Work Regulations 1999
10.8 Risk assessment 113
Reasonably practicable 114
10.9 The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) 115
Regulations 1996
10.10 Other major regulations 115
Publications 119
11 Starting the construction work 120
11.1 Pre-commencement meeting and start-up arrangements 120
11.2 The contractor’s initial work 121
11.3 The resident engineer’s work 122
Work before going to site 122
The site office 123
11.4 Early matters to discuss with the agent 124
11.5 Some early tasks for the resident engineer 125
11.6 Meeting the employer 125
11.7 Setting up the clerical work 126
12 Site surveys, investigations and layout 128
12.1 Responsibility 128
12.2 Levelling 129
12.3 Plane surveying 129
12.4 Setting out verticality, tunnels and pipelines 130
12.5 Setting out floor levels 131
12.6 Site investigations 132
12.7 Trial pits 132
12.8 Exploratory holes 133
Rotary core drilling 133
Light cable percussion drilling 134
Percussion drilling 135
12.9 Other means of ground investigation 135
12.10 Judging the safe bearing value of a foundation 136
12.11 Testing apparatus for a site soils laboratory 136
For moisture content determinations 136
For grading analyses of soils 137
For in situ density test (sand replacement method) 137
For compaction tests 137
12.12 Site layout considerations 138
Haulage roads 138
Planning bulk excavation 139