Civil Engineering Materials

548 Pages·1996·51.198 MB·English

by  Neil Jackson BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, MIStructE (joint editor), Ravindra K. Dhir BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMM, Hon. FICT, FGS (joint editor) (eds.)

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
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Civil Engineering
Materials
Edited by
NEIL JACKSON
and
RAV INDRA K. DHIR
Fifth Edition
pal grave
© The Contributors 1976, 1980, 1983, 1988, 1996
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First edition 1976
Second edition 1980
Third edition 1983
Fourth edition 1988
Fifth edition 1996
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ISBN 978-0-333-63683-1 ISBN 978-1-349-13729-9 (eBook)
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Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiii
European Standards xiv
List of Contributors XV
1. Introduction 1
N. Jackson
References 6
Part I METALS 7
V.B. John
Introduction 8
2. Structure of Metals 9
2.1 Atomic structure and bonding 9
2.2 The crystalline structure of metals 13
2.3 Interstitial sites in crystals 16
3. Deformation of Metals 18
3.1 Elastic deformation 18
3.2 Plastic deformation 19
3.3 Dislocations and point defects 21
3.4 Polycrystalline metals 23
4. Strengthening Mechanisms 26
4.1 Alloys and phase diagrams 26
4.2 Strain hardening and recrystallisation 28
4.3 Solution strengthening 32
4.4 Eutectics 32
4.5 Dispersion strengthening 34
4.6 Eutectoids and the Fe-C phase diagram 36
4. 7 Heat treatment of steels 39
v
VI CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
5. Behaviour in Service 41
5.1 Failure by yielding 41
5.2 The tensile test 42
5.3 Failure by fracture 44
5.4 Effects of temperature and strain rate 47
5.5 Fatigue of metals 49
5.6 Creep and relaxation 51
5. 7 Corrosion 53
5.8 Corrosion protection 59
5.9 The role of non-destructive testing 62
6. Metallic Materials in Construction 65
6.1 Steels 65
6.2 Wrought steels 67
6.3 Steel and iron castings 78
6.4 Aluminium and its alloys 80
6.5 Copper and its alloys 83
6.6 Other non-ferrous metals 85
6.7 Principles of metal joining 86
6.8 Fusion welding 87
6.9 Weldability and avoidance of defects 93
References 100
Further reading 102
Part II TIMBER 103
J.G.L. Munday
Introduction 104
7. Structure of Wood 105
7.1 Classification of trees 105
7.2 Growth structures 106
7.3 Cross-sectional features of the trunk 106
7.4 Cell types and function 109
7.5 Cell structure and chemistry 110
7.6 Structure, properties and use 111
8. Production of Solid Timber Sections 112
8.1 Conversion of timber 113
8.2 Seasoning 115
8.3 Stress grading 118
8.4 Defects in timber 119
8.5 Grade stresses and strength classes 125
9. Durability of Timber 128
9.1 Natural durability 128
CONTENTS vii
9.2 Insect damage 129
9.3 Marine borers 130
9.4 Fungal growths 131
9.5 Preservative treatment 133
9.6 Timber in fire 137
10. Properties and Uses of Solid Timber 139
10.1 Density 139
10.2 Strength properties 141
10.3 Movements in service 143
10.4 Uses of timber 145
11. Processed Timber Products 150
11.1 Sheet materials 150
11.2 Glued-laminated sections 156
References 158
Further reading 160
Part III CONCRETE 161
R.K. Dhir and N. Jackson
Introduction 162
12. Constituent Materials 163
12.1 Cement 163
12.2 Aggregate 179
12.3 Water 186
12.4 Admixtures 187
13. Properties of Fresh Concrete 196
13.1 Workability 196
13.2 Measurement of workability 197
13.3 Factors affecting workability 201
13.4 Stability 207
14. Properties of Hardened Concrete 210
14.1 Strength 210
14.2 Factors influencing strength 212
14.3 Deformation 225
15. Concrete Durability 236
15.1 Permeation properties of concrete 236
15.2 Mechanisms of deterioration 240
15.3 Chemical attack 246
15.4 Physical attack 250
15.5 Production of durable concrete structures 254
viii CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
16. Assessment of in situ Concrete Quality 259
16.1 Planning a test programme 259
16.2 Test methods 261
16.3 Testing for strength 262
16.4 Testing for comparative concrete quality 264
16.5 Testing for duraqility 268
16.6 Interpretation of results and reporting 270
17. Concrete Mix Design and Quality Control 273
17 .1 Required concrete properties 274
17.2 Concrete mix design 279
17.3 Statistical quality control 288
References 293
Further reading 297
Part IV BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 299
John M. Edwards
Introduction 300
18. Bituminous Binders 301
18.1 Scope 301
18.2 Characterisation 302
18.3 Bitumen test data chart 308
18.4 Engineering properties 310
18.5 Non-engineering properties 314
18.6 Applications of pure bitumen 315
18.7 Health and safety 316
19. Properties of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixes 317
19.1 General 317
19.2 Load-carrying mechanisms 321
19.3 Types of pavement 323
19.4 Mix requirements 324
19.5 Engineering properties 325
19.6 Other mix properties 331
20. Design of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixes 336
20.1 Types of specification 336
20.2 Principles of design 337
20.3 Continuously graded mixes 338
20.4 Hot rolled asphalt 342
20.5 New developments 343
References 345
Further reading 346
CONTENTS ix
Part V SOILS 349
D.G. McKinlay
Introduction 350
21. Formation, Exploration and Sampling of Soils 351
21.1 Residual soils 352
21.2 Transported soils 352
21.3 Exploration and sampling 357
22. Bulk Properties 360
22.1 Specific gravity 361
22.2 Water content 362
22.3 Density 362
22.4 Derived soil properties and interrelationships 362
23. Coarser- and Finer-grained Soils 367
23.1 Particle size distribution 367
23.2 Particle shape and surface texture 369
23.3 Atterberg limits 369
23.4 Activity 371
23.5 Chemical composition 372
24. Soil Classification 373
24.1 Soil description 373
24.2 British Soil Classification System for Engineering Purposes 377
25. Water in Soils 382
25.1 Transfer of stress through soil 382
25.2 Coarser-grained soils- static groundwater 383
25.3 Finer-grained soils - equilibrium of water contents 386
25.4 Frost susceptibility of soils 389
25.5 Flow of groundwater 391
25.6 Soils as drainage filters 400
26. Compressibility of Soil 404
26.1 Compression of sands 406
26.2 Compression of clays - short term 408
26.3 Compression of clays - long term 409
27. Shear Strength of Soil 415
27.1 Graphical presentation of stress 416
27.2 Shear-strength testing in the laboratory 417
27.3 Shear-strength testing in the field 428