City Politics: The Political Economy of Urban America PDF
Preview City Politics: The Political Economy of Urban America
2 City Politics Praised for the clarity of its writing, careful research, and distinctive theme—that urban politics in the United States has evolved as a dynamic interaction between governmental power, private actors, and a politics of identity —City Politics remains a classic study of urban politics. Its enduring appeal lies in its persuasive explanation, careful attention to historical detail, and accessible and elegant way of teaching the complexity and breadth of urban and regional politics which unfold at the intersection of spatial, cultural, economic, and policy dynamics. Now in a thoroughly revised tenth edition, this comprehensive resource for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as well-established researchers in the discipline, retains the effective structure of past editions while offering important updates, including: • All-new sections on immigration, the Black Lives Matter Movement, the downtown condo boom, and the impact of the sharing economy on urban neighborhoods (especially the rise of Airbnb). • Individual chapters introducing students to pressing urban issues such as gentrification, sustainability, metropolitanization, urban crises, the creative class, shrinking cities, racial politics, and suburbanization. • The most recent census data integrated throughout to provide current figures for analysis, discussion, and a more nuanced understanding of current trends. Taught on its own, or supplemented with the optional reader American Urban Politics in a Global Age for more advanced readers, City Politics remains the definitive text on urban politics—and how they have evolved in the US over time—for a new generation of students and researchers. Dennis R. Judd is Professor and Acting Head of the Department of Political Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois, Chicago, USA. Annika Marlen Hinze is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Urban Studies Program at Fordham University, USA. 3 Tenth Edition City Politics The Political Economy of Urban America Dennis R. Judd and Annika M. Hinze 4 Tenth edition published 2019 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019, 2015, 2012, 2010 Taylor & Francis. The right of Dennis R. Judd and Annika M. Hinze to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First published 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. [Ninth edition published by Routledge 2014] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Judd, Dennis R., author. | Hinze, Annika Marlen, author. Title: City politics: the political economy of urban America / Dennis R. Judd and Annika M. Hinze. Description: Tenth edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018004317| ISBN 9781138055223 (hardback: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138055230 (pbk.: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315166018 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Municipal government—United States. | Urban policy—United States. | United States—Economic policy. | Sociology, Urban— United States. Classification: LCC JS331 .J78 2018 | DDC 320.8/50973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018004317 ISBN: 978-1-138-05522-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-05523-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-16601-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK 5 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface 1 City Politics in America: An Introduction PART I THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN URBAN POLITICS: THE FIRST CENTURY 2 The Enduring Legacy 3 Party Machines and the Immigrants 4 The Reform Crusades 5 Urban Voters and the Rise of a National Democratic Majority PART II THE URBAN CRISIS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 6 The City/Suburban Divide 7 National Policy and the City/Suburban Divide 8 Federal Programs and the Divisive Politics of Race 9 The Rise of the Sunbelt PART III THE FRACTURED METROPOLIS 10 The Rise of the Fragmented Metropolis 11 Governing the Fragmented Metropolis 12 The Metropolitan Battleground 13 The Renaissance of the Metropolitan Center 14 Governing the Divided City 15 City and Metropolis in the Global Era 6 Index 7 CONTENTS Preface 1 City Politics in America: An Introduction Three Themes The Politics of Growth The Politics of Governance The Fragmented Metropolis The Challenge of the Global Era PART I THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN URBAN POLITICS: THE FIRST CENTURY 2 The Enduring Legacy National Development and the Cities OUTTAKE: City Building Has Always Required Public Efforts A Century of Urban Growth Inter-Urban Rivalries Industrialization and Community The Immigrant Tide The Capacity to Govern The Limited Powers of Cities 3 Party Machines and the Immigrants Machines and Machine-Style Politics OUTTAKE: Machines Had Two Sides The Origins of Machine Politics Did Machines “Get the Job Done”? Were Machines Vehicles of Upward Mobility? Did the Machines Help Immigrants Assimilate? The Social Reform Alternative Ethnic Politics in Today’s Cities 4 The Reform Crusades The Reformers’ Aims OUTTAKE: Municipal Reform Was Aimed at the Immigrants The Fertile Environment for Reform The Campaigns against Machine Rule “Efficiency and Economy” in Municipal Affairs The Business Model Commission and Manager Government Did Reform Kill the Machines? The Reform Legacy The Battles Continue 8 5 Urban Voters and the Rise of a National Democratic Majority City and Nation in the Twentieth Century OUTTAKE: Urban Ethnics Became a Mainstay of the Democratic Party A New Political Consciousness The Changing Political Balance The Depression and the Cities Cities Gain a Voice The Urban Programs of the New Deal The New Deal Legacy PART II THE URBAN CRISIS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 6 The City/Suburban Divide A Century of Demographic Change OUTTAKE: Anti-Immigrant Passions Have Reached a Fever Pitch Streams of Migration Racial Conflict in the Postwar Era The Emergence of a New Kind of Poverty The Suburban Exodus The Romantic Suburban Ideal: 1815–1918 The Automobile Suburbs: 1918–1945 The Bedroom Suburbs: 1946–1970s The Rise of the Multiethnic Metropolis Has the Urban Crisis Disappeared? 7 National Policy and the City/Suburban Divide The Unintended Consequences of National Policies OUTTAKE: Highway Programs Contributed to the Decline of the Cities The Politics of Slum Clearance How Local Politics Shaped Urban Renewal Racial Segregation and “The Projects” National Policy and Suburban Development Suburbs, Highways, and the Automobile The Damaging Effects of National Policies 8 Federal Programs and the Divisive Politics of Race The Brief Life of Inner-City Programs OUTTAKE: Racial Divisions Eventually Doomed Urban Programs The Democrats and the Cities The Republicans and the New Federalism President Carter and the Democrats’ Last Hurrah Republicans and the End of Federal Assistance Political Reality and Urban Policy The Cities’ Fall from Grace The End of Urban Policy A War on Cities 9 The Rise of the Sunbelt A Historic Shift OUTTAKE: The Electoral College Favors the Sunbelt The Concept of the Sunbelt Regional Shifts 9 Why the Sunbelt Prospered The Changing Politics of Sunbelt Cities Regional Convergence and National Politics PART III THE FRACTURED METROPOLIS 10 The Rise of the Fragmented Metropolis Metropolitan Turf Wars OUTTAKE: There Is a Debate about Gated Communities How the Suburbs Became Segregated The Imperative of Racial Segregation OUTTAKE: Integrating Levittown, PA: The Trauma of Deepgreen Lane Walling Off the Suburbs: Incorporation Walling Off the Suburbs: Zoning The Challenge to Exclusionary Zoning The New Face of Enclave Politics 11 Governing the Fragmented Metropolis The Byzantine (Dis)Organization of Urban Regions OUTTAKE: The Costs of Sprawl Are Hotly Debated The New Urban Form The Concerns about Sprawl A History of Metro Gov The New Regionalism Smart Growth The New Urbanism The Prospect for Reform 12 The Metropolitan Battleground The Competition for Fiscal Resources OUTTAKE: Hundreds of Little Hoovers Make the Economic Crisis Worse Cities in the U.S. Federal System Where the Money Goes Where the Money Comes From The Municipal Bond Market The Rise of Special Authorities Fiscal Gamesmanship 13 The Renaissance of the Metropolitan Center The Unexpected Recovery of the Central Cities OUTTAKE: Baltimore’s Revival Is Debated The Decline of Downtown Globalization and the Downtown Renaissance OUTTAKE: City of Glass: The Condo Boom in Downtown Areas The New Urban Culture Tourism and Entertainment OUTTAKE: Money out of Thin Air:The Blessing or Curse of Airbnb Convention Centers Sports Stadiums Malls, Entertainment, and Lifestyle Complexes Casino Gaming The Politics of Tourism 10
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