Citizenship Policies in the New Europe (Amsterdam University Press - IMISCOE Research)

315 Pages·2007·1.54 MB·English

by  Rainer Baubock

Citizenship Policies in the New Europe
IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion)
IMISCOE is a European Commission-funded Network of Excellence of
more than 350scientists from various research institutes thatspecialise
in migration and integration issues in Europe. These researchers, who
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tionally comparative research programme that focuses on Europe’s mi-
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Citizenship Policies in the
New Europe
edited by
Rainer Baubo¨ck
Bernhard Perchinig
Wiebke Sievers
IMISCOE Research
Cover design:Studio Jan de Boer BNO,Amsterdam
Lay-out: FitoPrepublishing, Almere
ISBN 978 90 5356 922 1
NUR 741 /763
©IMISCOE /Amsterdam University Press,2007
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re-
served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in-
troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
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authorof the book.
Contents
Tables 9
Preface 11
Andre Liebich
Introduction: Altneula¨nderor the vicissitudesof citizenship in the new
EU states 17
1 New states andold concerns, or why there is notmuch plural
citizenship in the Altneula¨nder 17
2 Old categories and new principles, or how ethnicityhas trumped
other grounds ofcitizenship 20
3 Old wrongs andnew rights, orhow to use citizenship to correct
history 27
4 Conclusions 31
Annex 1: Continuousstatehood amongold and new EU Member
States 32
Annex 2:Constitutionalpreambles (extracts) 32
Annex 3: Provisions onpluralcitizenship 33
Annex 4: Federalism and regional autonomies in old andnew EU
Member States 36
PartI: Restored states
Priit Ja¨rve
Chapter1: Estonian citizenship:Between ethnic preferences and
democratic obligations 43
1.1 History ofEstonian nationality 43
1.2 Basic principles ofthe most important current modes of
acquisition and loss ofnationality 47
1.3 Current debates on nationality 51
1.4 Statistics onacquisition ofnationality since 1992 55
1.5 Conclusions 57
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Estonia 57
6 CONTENTS
Krist¯ıne Kru¯ma
Chapter2:Checks and balancesin Latvian nationality policies:
Nationalagendas andinternational frameworks 63
2.1 History ofnationality policy 63
2.2 Basic principles forthe acquisition andloss ofnationality 70
2.3 Current political debates 75
2.4 Statistics 77
2.5 Conclusions 81
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Latvia 82
Krist¯ıne Kru¯ma
Chapter3: Lithuanian nationality:Trump card to independence and its
currentchallenges 89
3.1 History ofnationality policy 89
3.2 Basic principles ofthe most important current modes of
acquisition and loss ofnationality 98
3.3 Current political debates 103
3.4 Statistics 104
3.5 Conclusions 105
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Lithuania 105
PartII: States with historiesof shifting borders
Agata Go´rny
Chapter4: Sameletter,new spirit: Nationality regulations and their
implementation inPoland 113
4.1 Polishnationality in historical perspective 114
4.2 BasicprinciplesofcurrentregulationsonPolishnationality 118
4.3 The unresolveddebate(1999-2001) 121
4.4 Acquisitions of Polish nationalityin numbers 123
4.5 Conclusions 127
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Poland 129
Ma´riaM. Kova´csand Judit To´th
Chapter5: Kin-stateresponsibilityand ethniccitizenship:
The Hungarian case 135
5.1 History ofHungarian policieson nationality since 1945 136
5.2 Current nationalitylegislation 138
5.3 Current political debates on(dual) citizenship 142
5.4 Trends in statistics 149
5.5 Conclusions 152
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Hungary 153
CONTENTS 7
PartIII: Post-partition states
Andrea Barsˇova´
Chapter6:Czechcitizenshiplegislationbetweenpastandfuture 163
6.1 History ofCzechoslovakcitizenship policies 163
6.2 BasicprinciplesofacquisitionandlossofCzechcitizenship 168
6.3 Current political debates 172
6.4 Statistics 174
6.5 Conclusions 175
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Czechoslovakia/
the Czech Republic 176
Dagmar Kusa´
Chapter7: The Slovak question and the Slovak answer:Citizenship
duringthe quest for national self-determination andafter 185
7.1 History ofSlovakcitizenship 186
7.2 CurrentregulationsofacquisitionandlossofSlovak
citizenship 193
7.3 Current political debates and reform plans 198
7.4 Statistical trends (acquisition of Slovak citizenship since
1993) 203
7.5 Conclusions 205
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Czechoslovakia/
the Slovak Republic 207
FelicitaMedved
Chapter8: Fromcivicto ethniccommunity? Theevolution ofSlove-
nian citizenship 213
8.1 History ofcitizenship policies 213
8.2 Basic principles ofacquisition and loss of Slovenian
citizenship 221
8.3 Current political debates 228
8.4 Statistics 231
8.5 Conclusions 233
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Slovenia 235
PartIV: Mediterraneanpost-imperialstates
Eugene Buttigieg
Chapter9:Malta’scitizenshiplaw:Evolutionandcurrentregime 245
9.1 Historical background 245
9.2 Current modes ofacquisition andloss of citizenship 251
9.3 Statistical developments 257
8 CONTENTS
9.4 Conclusions 259
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Malta 260
Nicos Trimikliniotis
Chapter10: Nationality and citizenship in Cyprus since 1945:
Communal citizenship, gendered nationalityand the adventures of
apost-colonialsubject in adividedcountry 263
10.1 History ofnationality policy since 1945 264
10.2 Modes of acquisition andloss ofcitizenship 271
10.3 Current debates:Thechallengesof gender equality, migration,
Europeanisation and reunification 279
10.4 Statistical developmentssince 1985: The ‘politics of numbers’ and
the ‘numbers game’ 281
10.5 Conclusions: Charting outthe ‘nationality policies’ 283
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in the Republicof
Cyprus 284
Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu
Chapter11:Changing conceptions ofcitizenship in Turkey 293
11.1 History ofTurkishcitizenship law 293
11.2 Modes of acquisition andloss ofTurkishcitizenship 300
11.3 Statistics 302
11.4 Conclusions 305
Chronological list of citizenship-relatedlegislation in Turkey 306
List of contributors 313
Tables
Figure 1.1 Estonian citizens and statelesspersons in Estonia,1992-
1.5.2005,per cent ofthe whole population
Figure 1.2 Naturalisation in Estonia,1992-2005, persons naturalised
per year in thousands
Table 2.1 Changesin ethniccomposition ofLatvia’s population
Table 2.2 Citizensandnon-citizens ofLatvia
Table 2.3 Residents of Latvia on 1July 2005 (by ethnic origin)
Table 2.4 Childrenof non-citizens and statelesspersons born after
21 August 1991 who weregranted Latviannationality
Table 2.5 Numbers ofnaturalisationsin Latvia per year
Table 2.6 Ethnic origin of applicantsfor naturalisation in Latvia
Table 2.7 Age ofapplicants fornaturalisation in Latvia (1 February
1995-31 December 2005)
Table 3.1 Ethnic composition inLithuania in 1923 and 1992
Table 3.2 Acquisitions of Lithuanian nationality, 2002-2004
Table 3.3 Deprivation ofLithuanian nationality, 2002-2004
Table 3.4 Restoration ofLithuanian nationality, 2003-2004
Table 4.1 Foreigners grantedPolishnationality by means of the
‘confermentprocedure’in 1992-2004 by (former)
nationality
Figure 4.1 Acquisitions of Polish nationalityvia the conferment
procedure, by yearofacquisition
Table 4.2 Repatriation visas to Poland in 1997-2003, by repatriates’
previous country of residence
Table 5.1 Number of(re-)naturalisations andterminations of
nationality inHungary,1985-1994
Table 5.2 Distribution ofnationality law cases in Hungary, 1998-
2004
Table 5.3 Ratio ofnaturalisationdecisions in Hungary in 2002
Table 6.1 Conceptual scheme of ActNo.40/1993 Coll. on the
Acquisition and Loss ofCitizenship ofthe Czech
Republic
Table 6.2 Naturalisations (excludingSlovaknationals) in the Czech
Republic,1993-2005