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Governance and Citizenship in Asia Toshifumi Hirata Editor Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community Governance and Citizenship in Asia Series Editors Kerry J. Kennedy, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Sonny Shiu Hing Lo, School of Professional and Continuing Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Aims and Scope This series explores how citizenship is shaped by social, political, cultural and historical contexts and how it may be moulded to serve the nation state in the age of globalization. In these publications we see how governance relates to all aspects of civic life, including politics, public policy, administration, civil society and the economy, as well as the core values of society. Titles cover themes including public trust and trust building, the role of civil society, citizens’ rights and obligations, citizenship identities including those related to gender, class and ethnicities. Authors explore how young people are shaped by democratic and traditional value systems and the importance of citizenship challenges in the Asia Pacific region. Research collaborations in this interdisciplinary series probe questions such as: What are the links between ‘good governance’ and new forms of citizenship? What is the role of citizenship education as a tool in state formation and the development of active citizenship cultures? How do we explain the distinctive features of governance and citizenship in Asian societies? Through these publications we see that citizenship is an integral part of ‘good governance’ and that such governance ultimately enriches citizenship. Scholarly investigation and academic dialogue in this series describe the interdependence and mutuality of governance and citizenship. Please contact Melody Zhang (e-mail: [email protected]) for submitting book proposals for this series. Toshifumi Hirata Editor Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community Editor Toshifumi Hirata Faculty of Education Oita University Oita City, Japan ISSN 2365-6255 ISSN 2365-6263 (electronic) Governance and Citizenship in Asia ISBN 978-981-19-3691-3 ISBN 978-981-19-3692-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3692-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface This publication was made possible with the support and cooperation of numerous collaborators and research partners, educators from countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the editors of this series at Springer. Despite the unexpected influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors invested extraordinary time and effort into writing this book while teaching and conducting research in an unfamiliar online environment. We express our gratitude to them. Sadly, our Thai collaborator, Associate Professor Sumontip Boonsombuti, passed away suddenly during the research period. This is her last publication. All members of the research team would like to express their sincerest condolences. We pray that the soul rests in peace. This book was edited and published based on the research results of a report funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research: KAKENHI, International Comparative Study on Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Countries and Education for ASEANness 2010–2013, Project No. 22252007. We are deeply grateful to JSPS for making this publication possible. The report was published in Japanese as ASEAN Kyoudoutai no Shiminsei Kyouiku (Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community; Hirata, 2017, Tokyo: Toshindo). This book reconsiders a conceptual and theoretical framework for citizenship education by rearranging the essence of reports from the ten ASEAN countries in the Japanese report. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to those who helped with the English-language editing: the native English speakers at our colleagues’ institutions, Editage (editage.com), CRL Co., Ltd. (corp-crl.com), Enago (enago.jp), and DeepL (deepl.com). We thank them for their assistance in preparing this manuscript. Oita City, Japan Toshifumi Hirata v Contents Part I The ASEAN Community and Citizenship Education 1 The ASEAN Community and the Study on Citizenship Education .................................................... 3 Toshifumi Hirata 2 The Conceptual Framework of Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community ..................................... 17 Toshifumi Hirata and Minoru Morishita Part II Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Countries 3 Citizenship Education in Brunei: Raising Awareness of ASEANness ................................................ 43 Akiko Kamogawa, Sallimah M. Salleh, and Rosmawijah Jawawi 4 Citizenship Education in Cambodia: National and Regional ASEAN Citizenship Education in Post-Conflict Contexts .......... 67 Saori Hagai 5 Citizenship Education in Indonesia: Aiming to Be a Member of the ASEAN Community ..................................... 85 Yuki Nakata, Andi Suwirta, and Mina Hattori 6 Citizenship Education in Lao PDR: Developing Increased Awareness for ASEAN Toward Globalization .................... 107 Miki Inui and Souphany Heuangkeo 7 Citizenship Education in Malaysia: Through Surveys on the Development of Students’ Citizenship Abilities and ASEAN Awareness ........................................ 135 Masahiro Teshima and Kumaraguru Ramayah vii viii Contents 8 Citizenship Education in Myanmar: Developing Global Citizens ...................................................... 157 Toshifumi Hirata and Minoru Morishita 9 Citizenship Education in the Philippines: Education for ASEANness ............................................... 175 Hirofumi Nagahama, Arthur S. Abulencia, and Jerick C. Ferrer 10 Citizenship Education in Singapore: Implementation of Character and Citizenship Education and Revised National Education .................................................... 203 Mitsuhiro Ikeda 11 Citizenship Education in Thailand: From the Persistence of Traditional Citizenship to the Next Step ....................... 215 Sunate Kampeeraparb, Koro Suzuki, Chantana Chanbanchong, Sumlee Thongthew, Sumontip Boonsombuti, and Waraiporn Sangnapaboworn 12 Citizenship Education in Vietnam: Cultivation of ASEANness ..... 237 Masao Ishimura Part III Citizenship Education Paradigm for Surviving the 21st Century in the ASEAN Community 13 Comparative Analysis of Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community ................................................... 263 Minoru Morishita, Toshifumi Hirata, and Masahiro Teshima 14 Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community: Summary and Recommendations ......................................... 295 Toshifumi Hirata, Minoru Morishita, Masahiro Teshima, and Kumaraguru Ramayah Part I The ASEAN Community and Citizenship Education Chapter 1 The ASEAN Community and the Study on Citizenship Education Toshifumi Hirata Abstract The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967. The ASEAN Community was established in 2015 and has been successful to date. This book had several goals: (1) discussing the fundamental issues of citizenship education in the ASEAN community, namely, ASEAN identity, ASEANness, and the citizenship characteristics required in the twenty-first century; (2) summa- rizing citizenship education in the ten ASEAN countries, including the latest reform trends, students’ citizenship consciousness, and citizenship goals to be achieved over the next ten years; and (3) conducting a comparative analysis of the ten countries and providing a summary and recommendations for citizenship education in the ASEAN countries in the twenty-first century. The book’s main theme is citizenship education in the ASEAN Community. This chapter provides an overview of the ASEAN Community, previous studies, the book’s structure, the study’s background, history, purpose, research methods, characteristics, significance, target audience, and limitations, as well as the investigation results concerning the ten ASEAN countries. · · · Keywords ASEAN Community ASEANness Citizenship characteristics Citizenship education 1.1 The ASEAN Community In 1961, Thailand, the Philippines, and the Federation of Malaya established the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA). In 1967, Indonesia, Singapore, and the three ASA countries signed the ASEAN Declaration (or Bangkok Declaration), pledging to promote economic, social, and cultural progress through mutual aid and cooperation to ensure peace and accelerate development. The ASEAN–Japan Centre noted that the Vietnam War and fears about the spread of communism encouraged further regional cooperation. While the ASA remained dormant due to political disputes between member nations, a fresh movement emerged to form the new regional B T. Hirata ( ) Faculty of Education, Oita University, Oita City 870-1192, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 3 T. Hirata (ed.), Citizenship Education in the ASEAN Community, Governance and Citizenship in Asia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3692-0_1