Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes PDF
Preview Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes
IP S iP p N ? m a m m m m ':'W0' ImLEX HT 169 I.C6 H46 1999 Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes HENG CHYE KIANG School of Architecture Faculty of Architecture, Building and Real Estate National University of Singapore UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS HONOLULU © 1999 SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY PRESS All Rights Reserved Published in North America by University of Hawai’i Press 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 First Published in Singapore by Singapore University Press Yusof Ishak House National University of Singapore 31 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119078 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Heng, Chye Kiang, 1958- Cities of aristocrats and bureaucrats: The development of medieval Chinese city scapes/ Heng Chye Kiang. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8248-1982-9 (alk, paper) 1. City planning - China - History. 2. Cities and towns, Medieval - China - History. 3. Urbanization - China - History. 4. China - History - T’ ang dynasty, 618-907. 5. China - History - Sung dynasty, 960-1279. I. Title. HT169, C6H46 1999 307.76’0951 ’0902 - dc21 99-20299 CIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS: Sources of photographs and images illustrated, in addition to those mentioned in the captions, are listed below. Those figures not mentioned here were produced exclusively for this publication. Most line drawings were redrawn to improve their quality during reproduction. Ancient Chinese Architecture 2,12, 78 — Balazs 66 — Beijing Palace Museum 26,27, 29, 30, 32, 54, 56, 57,58,59,60,76 — Freer Gallery, Washington 63, 80, 81 — Fu Xinian 31,33,34,35,37,44a — Hiraoka Takeo 17 — Jingding jiankang zhi 42 — Kaogu, no. 6 (1978) 19 — Liaoning Museum 47 — Ma Chongxin 68 — Palace Museum, Taiwan 62 — Qianlong jingcheng tu 73, 74,75 — Sanlitu 3 — Shanghai Museum 64,79 — Shilin guangji 48 — Soper 61 —Wallacker 69,70,71 — Shou cheng lu zhushi 43,44 — Suzhou, Wenmiao 1,20,50,53,55,77 —Wu Liangyong 7,22 — Xiao Mo 13,21,41 —Zhongguo kaogu lunchong 24 — Zou Zongxu 8 — Xianchun Lin’an zhi and Qiandao Lin’an zhi 38,40 — Zhongguo gudai ditu ji 16 Cover illustration: Detail from the Song period handscroll qingming shanghe tu, Palace Museum, Beijing. Printed in Singapore To my Parents Contents Acknowledgements List of Selected Dynasties and Rulers Dynasty Periods of Ancient China Introduction 1. The Tang City 2. The Transition 3. Attempted Return To Urban Control 4. The Song City scape 5. The Open City 6. A New Urban Paradigm Selected Bibliography Western Languages Chinese and Japanese Languages Index Acknowledgements Writing this book has been a long protracted affair. In the process, I owe much to many people. First of all, I am indebted to the late Professor Spiro Kostof for stimulating my interest in the history of cities and for his suggestion of Chinese medieval cities as a subject for my research at the University of California at Berkeley. I also owe much to Professor Dell Upton, who supervised my work, for his continued guidance and critical comments not only during my stay at Berkeley but also throughout my academic career in Singapore. I am grateful also to Professors James Cahill, Stephen West and David Johnson for their assistance and encouragement and for the long hours of discussion. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Wu Liangyong who gave me invaluable advice and support during my sojourn at the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, and whose assistance eased my research in China greatly. I would also like to thank the late Ge Yuanqia, Guo Daiheng, Mao Qizhi, Sun Fengqi, Xu Bo’an, Zhao Bingshi, Zuo Chuan, and the librarians who assisted me during my stay at Tsinghua. I must also thank the many individuals who during my fieldtrips to the various towns and cities offered help when it was most needed: Fu Xinian, and Shan Guoqiang (Beijing); Gui Zhiyuan, Huang Yuangang, and Zhao Liying (Xi’an); Li Guo’en, Xiao Chuntao, Zhong Jian (Luoyang); Chang Jiang, Wu Kongfan, Xu Boyong, and Zhou Baozhu (Kaifeng); Sun Dongjia (Hangzhou); Li Boxian (Yangzhou); Liao Zhihao, Xu Minsu, and Yu Shengfang (Suzhou); Liang Baiquan (Nanjing); and Wang Qingzheng (Shanghai). I am also grateful to Ooi Bee Leng who read the initial drafts, provided valuable comments, listened to my grouses and encouraged me. Thanks must also go to the following for their assistance: Chan Shur Haur for reproducing the line drawings, Wee Hiang Koon and Eunice Seng for preparing the index, Teo Nam Siang for laying out the pages, Aw Meng How for designing the cover and setting up the charts, Vivienne Chan for ensuring consistency of style in the footnotes and bibliography and Gan Ser Min for proof reading and overall coordination of the manuscript. Any shortcomings and failings in this book, however, remain that of the author. Finally, the conduct of this study was made possible thanks to a generous scholarship from the National University of Singapore and a grant from the Pacific Cultural Foundation. viii LIST OF SELECTED DYNASTIES AND RULERS Dynasty Name Emperor J.'f' Reign Period Imperial Title Name Gaozu rSjj-B- Li Yuan 618-627 Taizong Li Shimin 627 - 649 Tang Period Gaozong % % Li Zhi 649 - 684 J* Zhongzong 17 % Li Zhe # # 684 - 685 (618 A.D. - 907 A.D.) Ruizong t-?r- Li Dan # 2- 685 - 690 Wuhou "Kfe Wu Zhao ^5, I! 690 - 712 Xuanzong Li Longji 712-755 Suzong * % Li Heng ^ 7 756-762 Daizong IK* Li Yu 763 - 779 Dezong -tt % Li Kuo 779-804 Shunzong M Li Song 805 - 805 Xianzong % ir- Li Chun 806 - 820 Muzong # % Li Heng ^'IS- 821 - 824 Jingzong fk.% Li Zhan 825 - 826 Wenzong Li Ang # ^ 827 - 840 Wuzong 5^ % Li Yan 841 - 847 Xuanzong 4 % Li Chen 847 - 860 Yizong Is % Li Cui ^ 'S. 860-874 Xizong i$- % Li Xuan 874-888 Zhaozong 03 % Li Ye 889 - 906 Taizu iliS. Zhao Kuangyin M HJlL 960-975 Taizong iv % Zhao Guangyi 976-997 Northern Song % % Zhenzong Zhao Heng &‘l2- 998 -1023 Period Renzong 'f— % Zhao Zhen 1023 -1064 dbfc % Yingzong Zhao Shu 1064-1068 (960 A.D. - 1127 A.D.) Shenzong # W- Zhao Xu 1068 -1086 W- Zhezong Zhao Xu feSfc 1086-1101 Huizong Hi % Zhao Ji fe'f# 1101-1126 ik.% Qinzong Zhao Huan 1126-1127 % Gaozong Si Zhao Gou M. $3 1127-1163 Xiaozong # ^ Zhao Shen 1163-1190 Southern Song Guangzong Zhao Dun 1190-1195 Period Ningzong 'f& Zhao Kuo 1195-1225 Lizong 3§-W- Zhao Yun 1225 -1265 (1127 A.D. - 1279 A.D.) Duzong JjL % Zhao Qi 1265 -1274 Gongdi -S-'fr Zhao Xian M. fi 1275 - 1276 Ruizong % Zhao Shi & R 1276-1278 Dibing 'frM Zhao Bing & H 1278 - 1279 § I i H I £ a B11 < HH uH H fc W i—( u £ ta O <D oo C 01 Q O "sS •U 93 -f B►, W H WV5 o « Ph 55 BjT c0* I * ■K 4) cHc ■oo 46 •w ■« WsO c 3> 1 O' CO >p* C 5 ' 65?«IK to I0033 ! «P1^ 03 gF § stc<ods: s & w Z w ! 5; u z £
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