Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion: Discourses, Realities and Implementation PDF
Preview Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion: Discourses, Realities and Implementation
Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion The GeoJournal Library Volume93 ManagingEditor: DanielZ.Sui,CollegeStation,USA FoundingSeriesEditor: WolfTietze,Helmstedt,Germany EditorialBoard: PaulClaval,France YehudaGradus,Israel SamOckPark,SouthKorea HermanvanderWusten,TheNetherlands Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedattheendofthisvolume. Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion Discourses, Realities and Implementation Editedby PETER ACHE HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Helsinki,Finland HANS THOR ANDERSEN UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark THOMAS MALOUTAS UniversityofThessaly,Volos,Greece MIKE RACO King’sCollegeLondon,UK TUNA TAS¸AN-KOK DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands 123 Editors Prof.PeterAche Prof.HansThorAndersen UniversityofTechnology UniversityofCopenhagen UrbanStudiesNetworkand DepartmentofGeography CentreforUrbanandRegionalStudies ØsterVoldgade10 POBox9300 1350Copenhagen FI-02015Helsinki Denmark Finland [email protected] peter.ache@tkk.fi Dr.MikeRaco Prof.ThomasMaloutas King’sCollegeLondon NationalCentreforSocial DepartmentofGeography Research Strand InstituteofUrban&Rural London Sociology UnitedKingdomWC2R2LS 14-18MesogionStreet [email protected] 11527Athens Greece [email protected] Dr.TunaTas¸an-Kok DelftUniversityofTechnology OTBResearchInstitutefor Housing UrbanandMobilityStudies 2600GADelft Netherlands [email protected] ISBN:978-1-4020-8240-5 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8241-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008925134 (cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V. Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface Europeancitieshavefordecadesfoundthemselvesinaphaseofimportantchanges. Concomitantly multi-level and multi-actor policy processes have unfolded in the EU. Sub-national governments are facing new challenges as their manufacturing industrywithersaway,stillmoreresponsibilityformatchingtheglobalisationchal- lenges such as welfare, employment and general social improvements are trans- ferredfromnationaltosub-nationallevels.Thisraisesspecificgovernanceproblems forcityregionsintheirattempttomeetthedemandfromtheemergingknowledge- basedsociety.Yet,nocityorcityregionexistsinavacuum;theyareallembedded in national settings with specific structures and traditions as well as different per- ceptions of challenges, needs and solutions. It appears that a general, neoliberal discourse has conquered the political agenda during the last one or two decades: That economic regeneration requires increasing competitiveness achieved by en- forcedstressonknowledgeintensiveindustries,whichitselfneedsmoreandbetter education.However,theimplementationofsuchastrategyhasmanyformsandthe realitiesareoftenquiteastepfromtheintendedoutcome. Duringthelastthreeyears,agroupofaboutfortypeoplehasmetregularlyacross EuropetodeveloptheideasasoriginallypresentedintheMemorandumofUnder- standing, setting the agenda for the analysis of preconditions, strategies and out- comesamongdifferentcitiesintheirefforttoreconcilewelfareandgrowth.Inthis spanoftime,theCostAction26hasheldmeetingsandworkshopsinAmsterdam, Antwerp, Brussels,Copenhagen, Dortmund, Ljubljana, Malta, Manchester, Turko, ViennaandUrbinobesidesseveralsmaller,butalsoimportantmeetings.Adozenof youngscholarshavebenefitedfromthegenerousprogramforShortTermScientific Missions and thus has further added to an exchange of knowledge across Europe and opened up for an understanding of the benefits in comparative analysis in a Europeancontext,whichisanimportantaimoftheCOSTprogramme.TheCOST secretariatinBrusselshasdemonstratedpatience,understandingandamuchneeded helpfulnessindifficultsituationsandthusfacilitatedEuropeancooperation. Thisbookpresentstheresultsof‘WorkingGroup2–EntrepreneurialCitiesbe- tween Growth and Welfare’ of COST A26. It seems almost ancient history, when PeterAcheagreedtotakeontheresponsibilityforWG2ofCOSTA26inBrussels threeyearsago.WithourfirstofficialworkinggroupmeetingonMaltain2004we started a long discussion of the various aspects related to ‘entrepreneurialism’ of v vi Preface cities, the framework changes leading to such strategies, and ultimately the ques- tion of reconciling growth with welfare, or in other words competitiveness with cohesion.Workingoverthreeyearswithagroupofdistinguishedresearchersfrom thirteendifferentcountrieswithalmostasmanydifferentdisciplinarybackgrounds isquiteachallengingtask.Overthatperiod,wegainedmanyinsightsinconceptual termsbutalsointermsoftheappliedpoliciesorstrategiesunderwayinthevarious cities which constitute our sample. It is a particular pleasure to present now these experiencesandexamples,fromIstanbultoSalo,fromMaribortoLondon.Suffice tosay,thatthispresentsonlyafractionofalltheworkwhichhasbeendone. PeterAchewouldliketothankhiscolleaguesinWG2forthisworkingexperi- ence.Overalltheybehaved‘well’–thoughitwasnotalwayseasytokeeptosched- ules, agendas, themes, and agreements. But in an approach of ‘controlled laissez- faire’ all managed to get along with each other, to even become friends, and to finallypresentthisvolumeentitled‘CitiesbetweenCompetitivenessandCohesion: Discourses,RealitiesandImplementation’. We both would also like to thank all the about forty colleagues who over that period worked in our action and provided their insights and knowledge. Our par- ticular thanks however go to David Gronbaek and his colleague Jie Zhu from the COSTofficethatgreatlysupportedtheworkofourgroupandthedevelopment of thispublication. The editorial group has spent quite some time editing the chapters for this vol- ume;muchhasbeencorrectedandimprovedinthatprocess.Thisprocesshasaccel- eratedduringthelasthalfyearandhasbeenbothademandingbutalsoajoyfultask whichhasprovidedtheeditorswithmanylaughsdespitethemanyhoursofwork.A warmthankstothepublisher,SpringerandEvelienBakkerandBernadetteDeelen fortheirpatienceandhelp. Copenhagen HansThorAndersen Helsinki PeterAche Contents PartI DiscoursesandConceptualizationsofCompetitivenessandCohesion CitiesBetweenCompetitivenessandCohesion:Discourses,Realities andImplementation–Introduction .................................. 3 PeterAcheandHansThorAndersen Competitiveness and Cohesion: A Janus Head? Some Conceptual Clarifications ...................................................... 19 JanVranken PartII AnalyzingtheCompetitivenessofCitiesandRegions AreEntrepreneurialCitiesMoreSuccessful?EmpiricalEvidencefrom 50GermanCities................................................... 41 StefanoPanebianco CompetitivenessandCohesionintheSpanishProvinces:ATerritorial Approach.......................................................... 61 Asuncio´nLo´pez,Jose´ M.Mella-Ma´rquez,andFedericoSteinberg GlobalizingUrbanEconomies andSocialInequality:AnEmpirical Assessment.TheCaseofAmsterdamandRotterdam................... 79 JackBurgersandJeroenvanderWaal TheConditionalNatureofRelationsBetweenCompetitiveness,Social CohesionandSpatialInequalities:TheEvidencefromIstanbul.......... 99 AydaEraydın vii viii Contents PartIII DetectingSocialCohesioninCitiesandRegions ImmigrationandtheSpatial(Dis)EquilibriumofCompetitiveness– CohesioninAthens .................................................119 GeorgeKandylis,VassilisArapoglouandThomasMaloutas LabourMigrationandSocialCohesion–SomeEmpiricalEvidence fromVienna .......................................................135 UrsulaReegerandAxelBorsdorf FromSurvivaltoCompetition?TheSocio-SpatialEvolutionofTurkish ImmigrantEntrepreneursinAntwerp ................................151 TunaTas¸an-KokandJanVranken Maribor – Housing Strategies in a Slovenian City Linking CompetitivenesswithSocialCohesion ................................169 MetkaSitar PartIV PracticeoftheCompetitivenessandCohesionDiscourse inUrbanandRegionalDevelopment SustainableUrbanRegenerationinaGlobalCity–TheRegeneration ofPaddingtonBasin ................................................187 MikeRaco,StevenHenderson,andSophieBowlby FinnishUrbanDistricts–NewActorsinMulti-LevelGovernance........205 HarriO.Andersson ReconcilingCompetitivenessandSocialCohesioninUrbanRegions– TheRoleofTransportPolicy ........................................223 WalterSchenkelandDominikOetterli Positioning Bratislava in an Emerging Cross-Border MetropolitanArea..................................................243 DanesˇBrzica PartV ReconcilingCompetitivenessandCohesion–Conclusions Conclusions–CompetitivenessandCohesion:OneDiscourse,Multiple RealitiesandNewChallengesforPolicyandResearch..................259 ThomasMaloutas,MikeRaco,andTunaTas¸an-Kok References.........................................................275 Index .............................................................293 Contributors Peter Ache (Dr. rer. pol., Dipl.-Ing.) is Professor of European Metropolitan Plan- ning at Helsinki University of Technology. He has published widely in German and English about planning and regional development. He was core team partner in recent European research (ESPON) on governance in urban and territorial poli- cies. His background is in planning, and he previously lectured at Universities in Glasgow,Hamburg,Weimar(Bauhaus),andDortmund(SchoolofPlanning). HansThorAndersen(Ph.D,Dr.Scient.)isAssociateProfessorofSocialGeography andUrbanPoliticsatUniversityofCopenhagenanddirectorofCentreofStrategic Urban Studies. His research and teaching is related to topics such as segregation, urbanpoliticsandgovernanceinneighbourhoodprogrammes. HarriO.Andersson(D.Soc.Sc)isProfessorofHumanGeographyintheDepart- ment of Geography, University of Turku, Finland. He is also a Vice Rector of the University and the Head of the Geography Graduate School in Finland. He has been a MC member in COST A9 (‘Civitas’) and a member of ‘City of Tomorrow andCulturalHeritage’ExternalAdvisoryGroupinthe5thFrameworkProgramme. Hisresearchfocusesoninnercityrenewalprojects,newurbansystems,andpower structuresinurbandevelopment.Researchprojectshavebeen‘Privateactorsinthe publicrealm’andthestudyon‘UrbanbrownfieldsinTurkuinnercityfringe’. VassilisArapoglouislectureratthedepartmentofsociology-UniversityofCrete. HeholdsaBScineconomics(Athens),anMScinsocialpolicy(LSE),andaPhD inhumangeography(LSE).HeisalsoatutorattheHellenicOpenUniversityanda researchfellowattheGreekNationalCentreforSocialResearch.Hisresearchand publicationsfocusonurbaninequalities,poverty,andsocialexclusion. Axel Borsdorf (Ph.D) is Full Professor in Geography at the University of Inns- bruckandDirectoroftheInstituteforMountainResearchoftheAustrianAcademy of Sciences. He has published widely on the topics of urban and regional devel- opment in Europe and Latin America, on mountain issues and methodology. He wasvisitingprofessoratuniversitiesatBerne/CH,Eugene/OR,SantiagodeChile, Tamaulipas/MEXandBangkok. ix
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