Cities and Disasters

326 Pages·2015·18.031 MB·English

HOMELAND SECURITY D
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CITIES AND DISASTERS
Cities and Disasters presents interdisciplinary and multinational perspectives on emergency
management policy, economic development, and the various factors that affect the recovery process
after natural disasters strike urban areas. The book has three central themes: policy, urbanity, and
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the interplay of events after disasters that affect the process of a community’s return to normalcy. It
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covers differing approaches to emergency management policy at local, state, and federal levels, as T
well as economic development and redevelopment issues in urban areas. It also analyzes the issues of I
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race and ethnicity involved in urban disaster response and recovery plans. DISASTERS
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The book looks at recent catastrophes such as Hurricane Katrina, Superstorm Sandy, and the
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2011 earthquake and tsunami in East Japan. The case studies highlight the diverse challenges that
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communities face with regard to emergency planning and response. Given global climate change,
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rising sea levels, and the increasing impacts of disasters upon people, particularly in densely populated
urban areas, there is a clear and urgent necessity to rethink issues involved in preparation methods
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for disasters and their aftermath. The analyses in Cities and Disasters help guide policymakers and
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policy actors in making decisions that strengthen communities for the future.
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Edited by DAVIA COX DOWNEY
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CITIES AND
DISASTERS

CITIES AND
DISASTERS
Edited by DAVIA C. DOWNEY
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Version Date: 20150706
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Editor xix
Contributors xxi
Section i Marginalization and Recovery
1 Enhancing Community and Economic Development Postdisaster
through the Increased Resilience of Women 3
Bridgette Cram and Jean-Claude Garcia-Zamor
2 Nonprofits and Disasters 27
Grace L. Chikoto
3 Country Mouse, City Mouse: Exploring the Differences in Rural and
Urban Economic Recovery Postdisaster 53
Davia Cox Downey
Section ii transportation considerations
4 Improving City Resistance in War: Planning Major Transportation
Terminals Based on Passive Defense Considerations 83
Amir Shakibamanesh and Mahshid Ghorbanian
5 Return to a State of Nature, Compassionate Conservatism, Failed
Response, and Their Impact on Race, Ethnicity, and the U.S.
Economy: Hurricane Katrina Case Study 105
Antoinette S. Christophe and Michael O. Adams
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Contents
Section iii Resilience, cooperation,
and citizen Attitudes
6 The Big Spill: Who Was to Blame and How Should Government
Respond? Citizen Attitudes in the Aftermath of the Deepwater
Horizon Spill in Coastal Alabama 129
Michael Howell-Moroney and Kent R. Kerley
7 How Government’s Actions after a Disaster Affect Long-Term
Civic Engagement: Shifting Opportunity and Motivation for Civic
Participation in Christchurch, New Zealand 147
Stephanie Hawke, Jillian Girard, and Jane Carr
8 Managing for Resilience across Multiple Scales of Action in Joplin,
Missouri 173
Clayton Wukich, David E. A. Johnson, and Michael D. Siciliano
9 Vulnerabilities Magnified: A Closer Look at Disasters and Displacement 207
Ann-Margaret Esnard and Alka Sapat
Section iV Planning and Path Dependence
10 The Historical Aspect of Social Vulnerability in the Lower Ninth Ward 225
Nada Toueir
11 Building Back Tremé: Using PPGIS to Evaluate Neighborhood Stability 249
Michelle M. Thompson, Brittany N. Arceneaux, and Grace Elizabeth Major
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Contents
12 Clustered and Community-Driven Housing Recovery: Lessons
Learned from Hurricane Katrina to the Great East Japan Earthquake 269
Tamiyo Kondo
Index 297
vii

PREFACE
DISASTERS: A CONCEPTUALIZATION
Disasters are “any event causing great harm, damage, or suffering”
(Farazmand 2001, 2014). Birkland (2006) and Faulkner (2001) have defined
disasters as crises (smaller-scale disasters with a relatively small scope
of effects on a population), disasters (medium- to large-scale events of
natural or human cause), and catastrophes (profound events that affect
a broad range of land area and effectively render state and local govern-
ments unable to respond effectively). In the context of communities, natu-
ral disasters are accidental and can range from tornadoes, hurricanes, and
earthquakes to heavy flooding, tsunamis, and droughts that affect the
physical, social, and economic capabilities of a place.
Disasters can also be caused by human factors. Warfare, failures of
technology, and human error, either accidental or purposeful in cause,
can be just as devastating. Local, state, and national governments, non-
profit organizations, local welfare groups, religious organizations, the
media, and other groups may be activated postdisaster to assist individu-
als and businesses with evacuating, stabilizing, and rebuilding. Thus,
dealing with disasters often bridges many policy domains and requires
both vertical and horizontal integration (Berke et al. 1993) and cooperation
between various actors and agencies.
Fundamentally, responding to disasters takes time and oversight.
The process of rebuilding, restoring order, and returning to what consti-
tutes normalcy can take weeks, months, or even years, and communities
are often left with permanent scars of these events. Disasters affect the
physical environment, the political landscape, and the emotional well-
being of the population. Planning and preparing for disasters are tasks
that must be undertaken by actors big and small to reduce casualties and
damage to infrastructure and to create the necessary partnerships with
intergovernmental, nongovernmental, and other private actors and the
public in order to make assets available that will need to be utilized in
times of crises.
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