Cisco Networking Academy Program. CCNA 3 and 4 Companion Guide

752 Pages·2001·10.39 MB·English

by  Inc. Cisco Systems

FM.fm Page i Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
Cisco
Networking
Academy
Program:
Second-Year
Companion
Guide
Second Edition
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Networking
Academy Program
Cisco Press
Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
FM.fm Page ii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
ii
Cisco Networking Academy Program:
Second-Year Companion Guide
Second Edition
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Networking Academy Program
Copyright © 2001 Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a
review.
International Standard Book Number: 1-58713-029-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001087344
04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of the printing code: The rightmost double-digit number is the
year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the
book’s printing. For example, the printing code 01-1 shows that the first print-
ing of the book occurred in 2001.
Trademark Acknowledgments
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc.,
cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book
should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark.
Warning and Disclaimer
This book is designed to provide information on networking fundamentals.
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
The information is provided on an as-is basis. Cisco Press and Cisco Systems,
Inc., shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with
respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this
book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.
FM.fm Page iii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
iii
Feedback Information
At Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest
quality and value. Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing
rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the
professional technical community.
Readers’ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any
comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or
otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us at
FM.fm Page iv Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
iv
Overview
Preface xxv
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 3
Chapter 2 LAN Switching 43
Chapter 3 VLANs 73
Chapter 4 LAN Design 95
Chapter 5 Routing Protocols: IGRP 135
Chapter 6 ACLs 163
Chapter 7 Novell IPX 203
Chapter 8 Network Management, Part I 245
Chapter 9 WANs 273
Chapter 10 WAN Design 303
Chapter 11 PPP 331
Chapter 12 ISDN 349
Chapter 13 Frame Relay 383
Chapter 14 Network Management, Part II 421
Chapter 15 Network+ Certification Exam Review 449
Chapter 16 CCNA Certification Exam Review 503
Chapter 17 Remote Access Technologies 535
Chapter 18 Virtual Private Networks 573
Chapter 19 Developing Network Security and Network Management
Strategies 589
Chapter 20 e-Lab Activity Index 607
Chapter 21 Check Your Understanding Answer Key 615
Chapter 22 Command Summary 627
Chapter 23 Movie Index 633
Glossary 637
Index 693
FM.fm Page v Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
v
Table of Contents
Preface xxv
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 3
Introduction 3
The Layered Network Model: The OSI Reference Model 4
Peer-to-Peer Communication 6
Data Encapsulation 7
The Physical Layer 8
Ethernet/802.3 Physical Connections 9
The Data Link Layer 10
The Ethernet/802.3 Interface 11
The Network Layer 12
IP Addressing and Subnets 12
Path Determination 13
Path Communication 14
ICMP 15
ARP 16
Routing 18
Routed Versus Routing Protocols 21
IP Routing Configuration Tasks 24
The Transport Layer 27
Segmenting Upper-Layer Applications 27
Establishing a Connection 27
Data Transfer 28
Reliability with Windowing 29
Acknowledgment Techniques 30
Summary 31
Check Your Understanding 33
Key Terms 36
FM.fm Page vi Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
vi
Chapter 2 LAN Switching 43
Introduction 43
Network Demands 43
The Ethernet/802.3 Interface 44
Extending Shared-Media LANs by Using Repeaters 47
Improving LAN Performance 48
Full-Duplex Ethernet 48
LAN Segmentation 49
Switching and Bridging Overview 53
LAN Switch Latency 54
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching 54
How a LAN Switch Learns Addresses 56
The Benefits of Switching 56
Symmetric and Asymmetric Switching 57
Memory Buffering 58
Two Switching Methods 59
VLANs 60
Spanning-Tree Protocol 61
Understanding Spanning-Tree Protocol States 62
Summary 62
Check Your Understanding 64
Key Terms 68
Chapter 3 VLANs 73
Introduction 73
VLAN Overview 73
Existing Shared LAN Configurations 73
Segmenting with Switching Architectures 74
VLANs and Physical Boundaries 75
Transporting VLANs Across Backbones 76
Routers in VLANs 77
Switched Networking Configuration 77
VLAN Implementations 79
Port-Centric VLANs 79
Static VLANs 80
Dynamic VLANs 80
FM.fm Page vii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
vii
Benefits of VLANs 81
Adding, Moving, or Changing User Locations 81
Controlling Broadcast Activity 81
Providing Better Network Security 83
Saving Money by Using Existing Hubs 84
Summary 86
Check Your Understanding 87
Key Terms 90
Chapter 4 LAN Design 95
Introduction 95
LAN Design Goals 96
Network Design Components 97
Function and Placement of Servers 97
Intranets 99
Collision Detection 99
Segmentation 100
Bandwidth Versus Broadcast Domains 101
Network Design Methodology 102
Gathering Requirements 102
Analyzing Requirements 103
Designing the Network Topology 104
Summary 124
Washington School District Project Task: LAN Design 124
CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 125
Check Your Understanding 127
Key Terms 130
Chapter 5 Routing Protocols: IGRP 135
Introduction 135
Network-Layer Basics 136
Network-Layer Path Determination 136
Routing Tables 137
The Network-Layer Communication Path 138
Addressing: The Network and the Host 139
Routed Versus Routing Protocols 140
Multiprotocol Routing 140
FM.fm Page viii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
viii
IP Routing Protocols 141
The Optimal Route 142
Simplicity and Efficiency 142
Robustness 142
Rapid Convergence 142
Flexibility 143
Static Routing 143
Dynamic Routing 144
Routing Approaches 144
IP Routing Configuration 144
Understanding IGRP Operation 145
Interior, System, and Exterior IGRP Routes 146
Creating the IGRP Routing Process 147
Enhancing IGRP Stability 148
IGRP Metric Information 151
IGRP Updates 151
Maximum Hop Count 151
Summary 153
Washington School District Project Task: Routing Protocols
and Configuring IGRP 153
CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 154
Check Your Understanding 156
Key Terms 159
Chapter 6 ACLs 163
Introduction 163
ACL Overview 163
Reasons to Create ACLs 165
Creating an ACL in the Correct Order 166
Using ACLs 167
How ACLs Work 167
ACL Configuration Tasks 169
Grouping ACLs to Interfaces 170
Assigning a Unique Number to Each ACL 170
Using Wildcard Mask Bits 171
Standard ACLs 175
Standard ACL Examples 175
FM.fm Page ix Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
ix
Extended ACLs 181
Extended ACL Examples 183
Using Named ACLs 187
The deny Command 188
The permit Command 188
Using ACLs with Protocols 189
Placing ACLs 190
Using ACLs with Firewalls 191
Setting Up a Firewall Architecture 191
Verifying ACLs 193
Summary 195
Washington School District Project Task: Using ACLs 195
CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 196
Check Your Understanding 197
Key Terms 200
Chapter 7 Novell IPX 203
Introduction 203
Cisco Routers in NetWare Networks 203
The Novell NetWare Protocol Suite 204
IPX Overview 205
Novell IPX Addressing 205
Novell Encapsulations 208
Cisco Encapsulation Names 209
IPX Packet Format 210
Novell Routing Using RIP 211
Service Advertising Protocol 215
Get Nearest Server Protocol 216
Novell IPX Configuration Tasks 217
Novell IPX Global Configuration 218
Assigning IPX Network Numbers to Interfaces 218
Verifying IPX Operation 219
FM.fm Page x Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM
x
Monitoring and Managing an IPX Network 220
Monitoring the Status of an IPX Interface 221
Monitoring IPX Routing Tables 222
Monitoring the Novell IPX Servers 224
Monitoring IPX Traffic 226
Troubleshooting IPX Routing 229
Summary 234
Washington School District Project Task: Configuring Novell
IPX 234
CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 235
Check Your Understanding 237
Key Terms 240
Chapter 8 Network Management, Part I 245
Introduction 245
Network Documentation 245
MDF and IDF Layouts 245
Server and Workstation Configuration Details 246
Software Listings 247
Maintenance Records 247
Security Measures 248
User Policies 249
Network Security 250
Data Recovery 251
Backup Operations 252
Redundancy Techniques 254
Environmental Factors 255
Power Conditioning 256
EMI and RFI 257
Software Viruses 257
Network Performance 258
Server Administration 259
Client/Server Network 260
Network Control 264
Network Troubleshooting 265
Analyze Network Troubleshooting 266