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Cisco Networking Academy Program. CCNA 3 and 4 Companion Guide PDF

752 Pages·2001·10.39 MB·English
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FM.fm Page i Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM Cisco Networking Academy Program: Second-Year Companion Guide Second Edition Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Networking Academy Program Cisco Press Cisco Press 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA FM.fm Page ii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM ii Cisco Networking Academy Program: Second-Year Companion Guide Second Edition Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Networking Academy Program Copyright © 2001 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. International Standard Book Number: 1-58713-029-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001087344 04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1 Interpretation of the printing code: The rightmost double-digit number is the year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s printing. For example, the printing code 01-1 shows that the first print- ing of the book occurred in 2001. Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information on networking fundamentals. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an as-is basis. Cisco Press and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. FM.fm Page iii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM iii Feedback Information At Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community. Readers’ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us at FM.fm Page iv Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM iv Overview Preface xxv Introduction xxvii Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 3 Chapter 2 LAN Switching 43 Chapter 3 VLANs 73 Chapter 4 LAN Design 95 Chapter 5 Routing Protocols: IGRP 135 Chapter 6 ACLs 163 Chapter 7 Novell IPX 203 Chapter 8 Network Management, Part I 245 Chapter 9 WANs 273 Chapter 10 WAN Design 303 Chapter 11 PPP 331 Chapter 12 ISDN 349 Chapter 13 Frame Relay 383 Chapter 14 Network Management, Part II 421 Chapter 15 Network+ Certification Exam Review 449 Chapter 16 CCNA Certification Exam Review 503 Chapter 17 Remote Access Technologies 535 Chapter 18 Virtual Private Networks 573 Chapter 19 Developing Network Security and Network Management Strategies 589 Chapter 20 e-Lab Activity Index 607 Chapter 21 Check Your Understanding Answer Key 615 Chapter 22 Command Summary 627 Chapter 23 Movie Index 633 Glossary 637 Index 693 FM.fm Page v Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM v Table of Contents Preface xxv Introduction xxvii Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 3 Introduction 3 The Layered Network Model: The OSI Reference Model 4 Peer-to-Peer Communication 6 Data Encapsulation 7 The Physical Layer 8 Ethernet/802.3 Physical Connections 9 The Data Link Layer 10 The Ethernet/802.3 Interface 11 The Network Layer 12 IP Addressing and Subnets 12 Path Determination 13 Path Communication 14 ICMP 15 ARP 16 Routing 18 Routed Versus Routing Protocols 21 IP Routing Configuration Tasks 24 The Transport Layer 27 Segmenting Upper-Layer Applications 27 Establishing a Connection 27 Data Transfer 28 Reliability with Windowing 29 Acknowledgment Techniques 30 Summary 31 Check Your Understanding 33 Key Terms 36 FM.fm Page vi Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM vi Chapter 2 LAN Switching 43 Introduction 43 Network Demands 43 The Ethernet/802.3 Interface 44 Extending Shared-Media LANs by Using Repeaters 47 Improving LAN Performance 48 Full-Duplex Ethernet 48 LAN Segmentation 49 Switching and Bridging Overview 53 LAN Switch Latency 54 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching 54 How a LAN Switch Learns Addresses 56 The Benefits of Switching 56 Symmetric and Asymmetric Switching 57 Memory Buffering 58 Two Switching Methods 59 VLANs 60 Spanning-Tree Protocol 61 Understanding Spanning-Tree Protocol States 62 Summary 62 Check Your Understanding 64 Key Terms 68 Chapter 3 VLANs 73 Introduction 73 VLAN Overview 73 Existing Shared LAN Configurations 73 Segmenting with Switching Architectures 74 VLANs and Physical Boundaries 75 Transporting VLANs Across Backbones 76 Routers in VLANs 77 Switched Networking Configuration 77 VLAN Implementations 79 Port-Centric VLANs 79 Static VLANs 80 Dynamic VLANs 80 FM.fm Page vii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM vii Benefits of VLANs 81 Adding, Moving, or Changing User Locations 81 Controlling Broadcast Activity 81 Providing Better Network Security 83 Saving Money by Using Existing Hubs 84 Summary 86 Check Your Understanding 87 Key Terms 90 Chapter 4 LAN Design 95 Introduction 95 LAN Design Goals 96 Network Design Components 97 Function and Placement of Servers 97 Intranets 99 Collision Detection 99 Segmentation 100 Bandwidth Versus Broadcast Domains 101 Network Design Methodology 102 Gathering Requirements 102 Analyzing Requirements 103 Designing the Network Topology 104 Summary 124 Washington School District Project Task: LAN Design 124 CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 125 Check Your Understanding 127 Key Terms 130 Chapter 5 Routing Protocols: IGRP 135 Introduction 135 Network-Layer Basics 136 Network-Layer Path Determination 136 Routing Tables 137 The Network-Layer Communication Path 138 Addressing: The Network and the Host 139 Routed Versus Routing Protocols 140 Multiprotocol Routing 140 FM.fm Page viii Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM viii IP Routing Protocols 141 The Optimal Route 142 Simplicity and Efficiency 142 Robustness 142 Rapid Convergence 142 Flexibility 143 Static Routing 143 Dynamic Routing 144 Routing Approaches 144 IP Routing Configuration 144 Understanding IGRP Operation 145 Interior, System, and Exterior IGRP Routes 146 Creating the IGRP Routing Process 147 Enhancing IGRP Stability 148 IGRP Metric Information 151 IGRP Updates 151 Maximum Hop Count 151 Summary 153 Washington School District Project Task: Routing Protocols and Configuring IGRP 153 CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 154 Check Your Understanding 156 Key Terms 159 Chapter 6 ACLs 163 Introduction 163 ACL Overview 163 Reasons to Create ACLs 165 Creating an ACL in the Correct Order 166 Using ACLs 167 How ACLs Work 167 ACL Configuration Tasks 169 Grouping ACLs to Interfaces 170 Assigning a Unique Number to Each ACL 170 Using Wildcard Mask Bits 171 Standard ACLs 175 Standard ACL Examples 175 FM.fm Page ix Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM ix Extended ACLs 181 Extended ACL Examples 183 Using Named ACLs 187 The deny Command 188 The permit Command 188 Using ACLs with Protocols 189 Placing ACLs 190 Using ACLs with Firewalls 191 Setting Up a Firewall Architecture 191 Verifying ACLs 193 Summary 195 Washington School District Project Task: Using ACLs 195 CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 196 Check Your Understanding 197 Key Terms 200 Chapter 7 Novell IPX 203 Introduction 203 Cisco Routers in NetWare Networks 203 The Novell NetWare Protocol Suite 204 IPX Overview 205 Novell IPX Addressing 205 Novell Encapsulations 208 Cisco Encapsulation Names 209 IPX Packet Format 210 Novell Routing Using RIP 211 Service Advertising Protocol 215 Get Nearest Server Protocol 216 Novell IPX Configuration Tasks 217 Novell IPX Global Configuration 218 Assigning IPX Network Numbers to Interfaces 218 Verifying IPX Operation 219 FM.fm Page x Wednesday, April 18, 2001 2:25 PM x Monitoring and Managing an IPX Network 220 Monitoring the Status of an IPX Interface 221 Monitoring IPX Routing Tables 222 Monitoring the Novell IPX Servers 224 Monitoring IPX Traffic 226 Troubleshooting IPX Routing 229 Summary 234 Washington School District Project Task: Configuring Novell IPX 234 CCNA Certification Exam Learning Objectives 235 Check Your Understanding 237 Key Terms 240 Chapter 8 Network Management, Part I 245 Introduction 245 Network Documentation 245 MDF and IDF Layouts 245 Server and Workstation Configuration Details 246 Software Listings 247 Maintenance Records 247 Security Measures 248 User Policies 249 Network Security 250 Data Recovery 251 Backup Operations 252 Redundancy Techniques 254 Environmental Factors 255 Power Conditioning 256 EMI and RFI 257 Software Viruses 257 Network Performance 258 Server Administration 259 Client/Server Network 260 Network Control 264 Network Troubleshooting 265 Analyze Network Troubleshooting 266

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