Circumplex Models of Personality and Emotions

477 Pages·1997·26.4 MB·English

by  Robert Plutchik, Hope R. Conte

Cireumplex Models d
Personality and Emotions
Robert Plutchik & Hope R. Conte, Editors
American Psyehologieal Association
Washington, DC
CONTENTS
Contributors ............................................................ ix
Introduction: Circumplex Models of Personality and Emotions .... 1
Robert Plutchik and Hope R. Conte
PART I: THE CIRCUMPLEX IN RELATION TO PERSONALITY
1. The Circumplex as a General Model of the Structure of
Emotions and Personality ................................... 17
Robert Plutchik
2. The Circumplex Model Applied to Interpersonal
Behavior, Affect, and Psychotic Syndromes ............... 47
Maurice Lorr
3. When Is a Circumplex an “Interpersonal Circumplex”?
The Case of Supportive Actions ........................... 57
Jerry S. Wiggins and Krista K. Trobst
4. Studying Personality Traits: The Circular Way ........... 81
Michael B. Gurtrnan
5. Two at a Time Is Better Than One at a Tme: Exploiting
the Horizontal Aspects of Factor Representations ........ 103
Clarence C . McCormick and Lewis R. Goldberg
6. Integration of Configurational and Factorial Models for
Family Relationships and Child Behavior ................. 133
Earl S. S c h f e r
7. Personality Set Within an Octagonal Model of Relating 155
John Birtchnell
8. Circular Structure of Vocational Interests ................. 183
Terence 1 . G. Tracey and James B. Rounds
PART 11: THE CIRCUMPLEX IN RELATION TO EMOTIONS
9. How Shall An Emotion Be Called? ........................ 205
James A. Russell
10. A Circumplex Inventory of Impact Messages: An
Operational Bridge Between Emotion and Interpersonal
Behavior ...................................................... 221
Donald]. Kiesler, James A. Schmidt, and
Christopher C . Wagner
11. Theoretical and Methodological Elaborations of the
Circumplex Model of Personality Traits and Emotions ... 245
Gene A. Fisher
12. The Interpersonal Circle and the Emotional
Undercurrents of Human Sociability ....................... 271
Rauni Myllyniemi
PART 111: APPLICATIONS OF THE CIRCUMPLEX MODEL TO
CLINICAL ISSUES
13. Personality Disorders and the Interpersonal Circumplex 299
Thomas A. Widiger and Steven Hagemoser
14. Evaluating a Circumplex Model of Personality Disorders
With Structural Equation Modeling ........................ 327
David M. Romney and John M. Bynner
15. The Circumplex Structure of Interpersonal Problems .... 347
Leonard M. Horowitr, D. Christopher Dryer, and Elena N.
Krasnoperova
16. The Circumplex in Psychotherapy Research .............. 385
William P. Henry
17. The Interpersonal Circumplex as a Structural Model in
Clinical Research: Examples From Group Psychotherapy,
Interpersonal Problems, and Personality Disorders ........ 41 1
Stephen Soldr
18. Interpersonal Assessment and Therapy of Eating
Disorders: A Clinical Application of a Circumplex
Model ......................................................... 431
James K. Madison
vi CONTENTS
Epilogue: The Future of the Circumplex ............................. 447
Robert Plutchik and Hope R . Conte
Author Index ........................................................... 459
Subject Index ........................................................... 469
About the Editors ...................................................... 483
CONTENTS wii
CONTRIBUTORS
John Birtchnell, MD, Senior Lecturer and Consultant Psychiatrist,
Institute of Psychiatry, London, England.
John M. Bynner, PhD, Professor of Social Psychology, Director of the
Social Statistics Research Unit, City University, London, England.
D. Christopher Dryer, PhD, Research Staff Member at the IBM Almaden
Research Center, Almaden, California.
Gene A. Fisher, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of
Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Lewis R. Goldberg, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of Oregon, and Research Scientist, Oregon
Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.
Michael B. Gurtman, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin.
Steven Hagemoser, MA, Graduate student, Department of Psychology,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
William P. Henry, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Leonard M. Horowitz, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
ix
Donald J. Kiesler, PhD, Professor and Director of Clinical Psychology,
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, Virginia.
Elena N. Krasnoperova, BA, third-year doctoral student, Department of
Psychology, Stanford University, California.
Maurice Lorr, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Life Cycle Institute,
Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.
James K. Madison, PhD, Coordinator for Program Development, Eating
Disorders Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,
Nebraska.
Clarence C. McCormick, Eugene, Oregon.
Rauni Myllyniemi, PhD, Associate Professor of Social Psychology,
University of Helsinki, Finland.
Robert Plutchik, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Department of
Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
David M. Romney, PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
James Rounds, PhD, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology and
Psychology, Chair and Director of Training for Counselling
Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Clinical
and Research Associate, Department of Psychology, Roswell
Memorial Park Institute, Buffalo, New York.
James A. Russell, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada.
Earl S. Schaefer, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Department of
Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
James A. Schmidt, PhD, Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department
of Psychology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois.
X CONTRIBUTORS
Stephen Soldz, PhD, Director of Research, Boston Institute for
Psychotherapy and Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychology,
Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Terence J. G. Tracey, PhD, Professor of Educational Psychology and
Psychology, Department of Educational Psychology, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
Krista K. Trobst, PhD Candidate in Clinical Psychology, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Christopher C. Wagner, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow in Psychology,
Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Thomas A. Widiger, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
Jerry S. Wiggins, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada.
CONTRIBUTORS xi
INTRODUCTION
CIRCUMPLEX MODELS OF
PERSONALITY AND EMOTIONS
ROBERT PLUTCHIK and HOPE R. CONTE
During the past few decades two major approaches have been used in
an effort to define the structure of personality traits and emotions. One is
based on the use of factor analytic techniques with the aim of identifying
a relatively small number of basic or underlying dimensions. The other
approach focuses on determining the similarity structure of all traits and
emotions; the underlying assumption of this approach is that a relatively
seamless circular ordering or circumplex is a parsimonious description of
the relations among traits and among emotions.
The study of personality structure as it is understood today began with
the efforts of Cattell, Eysenck, and Guilford in the 1940s. The factor an-
alytic procedures they and their many followers used, based on the criterion
of simple structure, led to the conclusion that anywhere from 4 to 16 basic
dimensions were needed to describe the structure of personality. In recent
years, the view has gained favor that all personality traits may be described
as belonging to one or another of five broad dimensions of personality-the
Five Factor Model. Considerable support for this model exists. The five
basic factors have been called extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,
emotional stability, and openness to experience. Some investigators have pre-
ferred to use the terms culture or intellect, for openness, neuroticism for emo-
tional stability, and behavioral control for conscientiousness.
Less well known is an alternative structural model that has been ap-
plied to both personality and emotions. This model stems from the early
work of Guttman in psychometrics, Leary and Wiggins in personality, and
Plutchik and Lorr in emotions. These various investigators have demon-
strated that the descriptive language of traits and emotions, two domains
that show considerable overlap both in terminology and meaning, can be
organized conceptually and mathematically by means of a circular model.
Such a model has the property of similarity of adjacent elements (traits or
emotions) and increasing dissimilarity of elements that are further removed
on the circle. Another one of its properties is the bipolarity of opposite
elements on the circle. These properties can be defined in terms of patterns
of correlations as well as by means of other mathematical procedures. Con-
tributors to these ideas have emphasized that the circumplex applies pri-
marily to the interpersonal aspects of personality and not necessarily to the
intellectual and cultural dimensions.
During the past 30 years the circumplex model has been applied to
an increasing number of conceptual domains by investigators. In addition
to emotions and personality, these applications include the study of facial
expressions, the development of new kinds of psychometric instruments,
the interpretation of clinical phenomena, and the understanding of voca-
tional choices. To date, no one has provided a single forum for presenting
the variety of circumplex models that are currently in existence. Therefore,
this book will attempt to remedy this situation. The 26 contributors rep-
resent a significant proportion of those who are currently contributing new
data and theory based on the circumplex concept.
In order to provide some coherence to the contributions, the editors
requested each author or set of authors to respond directly or indirectly to
a number of questions. These included, “How should a circumplex be de-
fined and measured?” “In what ways is a circumplex useful?’’ “HOWa re
circumplex models related to factor analytic models?” “What are some
research or clinical implications of the circumplex ?“
As we began to read through the chapters it became evident that
each varied in its focus of interest, but that they could be grouped into
three major sections. Part One is concerned mainly with showing the ap-
plication of the circumplex idea to personality theory and description. Part
Two tends to relate the circumplex model to emotions and interpersonal
interactions. Part Three is largely concerned with the application of the
circumplex model to clinical issues; for example, the diagnosis of person-
ality disorders, the role of the circumplex in psychotherapy, and the cir-
cumplex as a basis for psychometric test development. I t should be em-
phasized, however, that these three sections are not sharply divided, and
that some overlap exists in all chapters. The groupings were made primarily
to recognize a major theme in each contribution. These sections are fol-
lowed by a detailed Epilogue, which addresses important issues raised by
2 PLUTCHJK AND CONTE