Circuit Simulation Methods and Algorithms

486 Pages·1994·16.685 MB·English

by  Jan Ogrodzki

aiCnONICEHGINEEItlNGSVSIEMS SEMES
Series Editor
J. K. FIDLER
University of York
AQIVE RC AND SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTER DESIGN
T. Deliyannis and I. Haritantis
University of Patras
THE ART OF PSPICE - ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT SIMULATION
Bashir Al-Hashimi, Staffordshire University
CIRCUIT SIMULATION METHODS AND ALGORITHMS
Jan Ogrodzki, Warsaw University of Technology
DESIGN AUTOMATION OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
K.G. Nichols, University of Southampton
FOUNDATIONS OF BROAD BAND LINEAR ELEQRIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
Herbert J. Carlin, Cornell University
Pier Paolo Civalleri, Turin Polytechnic
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
Adrian A. Hopgood, The Open University
LEARNING ALGORITHMS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING,
CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS
Phil Mars, J. R. Chen, and Raghu Nambiar
University of Durham
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
John Watson, University of Aberdeen
OPTIMAL AND ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING
Peter M. Clarkson, Illinois Institute of Technology
PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF ELEQROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Christos Christopoulos, University of Nottingham
CIRCUIT
SIMULATION
METHODS and
ALGORITHMS
Jan Ogrodzki
CRC Press
Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo
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Notes Added in Proof
On page 131 Algorithm 3.17 should be extended to the following form:
Algorithm 3.17 Nonsymmetrical reordering of the matrix
for k=\ to n do if ({k, k) is a structural zero and the kth row and
column has one nonzero element)
for j-l to n do
if ((k,j) and (j,k) are structural unities) interchange of the
/th and the kth row;
for k=l to n do if {{k, k) is a structural zero)
begin
int=0;
for j=l to n do if ((k,j) and (j,k) are structural unities and
(jyj) is a structural zero) then
begin
interchange of yth and kth row; int=l; break;
end
if(int=0) for j=l to n do if ((Kj) and (jyk) are structural
unities and (j,j) is a signal-dependent variable) then
begin
interchange of jih and kth row; int=l; break;
end
ifl[m/ = 0) for j=l to n do if {(k,j) and (j,k) are structural
unities) then
begin
interchange of yth and kth row; m/=l; break;
end
end
On page 298 in lines 14, 13 there is:
in the vicinity of the solution the algorithm discussed approaches the
brute force method.
while there should be:
in the vicinity of the final solution the iterative solution of the algorithm
discussed approaches the brute force solution.
Whether therefore ye eat, or drinky or
whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God.
(First epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians, chapter 10:31)
Foreword
Computer simulation of electronic circuits has become an indispensable tool in
verifying circuit design. Practically all of the designed ICs are simulated with
programs like SPICE (its derivatives or equivalents) in the early design stages
and after the complete layout design. Hence, we can safely assume that they are
the most widely used and trusted CAD tools. These programs are being used
by circuit and even system designers in semiconductor/system houses all over
the world. Most of the universities have established VLSI circuit design
programs in which the students design ICs and verify their performance.
However, only a small fraction of circuit simulator users fully understands the
foundations on which these programs are developed. Increasing levels of
understanding is of crucial importance since these simulators are still not
robust enough and the knowledgeable users have a definite advantage. Thus,
the topic and scope of this book. Circuit Simulation: Methods and Algorithms
are so timely and important.
The amazing feature of this book is that it deals with several different levels
of abstraction which should appeal to a very broad spectrum of readers. This
book can be extremely useful to the circuit simulator users to enhance their
understanding of the tools and guide them through many examples. The book
can also be an excellent text on the foundations of circuit simulation useful for
advanced undergraduate level and graduate courses as well. Finally, the most
sophisticated users may take advantage of the advanced examples of applica­
tion of circuit simulation techniques.
Another unique feature of this book is the automatic license for the OPTIMA-
3 simulator for everybody buying this book. OPTIMA-3 is a very comprehen­
sive simulation system with capabilities exceeding by far the capabilities of
SPICE. However, the readers are not pushed into using this simulator as the
application examples are presented simultaneously for PSPICE and OPTIMA-
3. This feature makes the book a very complete and useful educational vehicle
which should meet the needs of many educators and students in the electrical
engineering field.
Professor Andrzej J. Strojwas
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA

Preface
...
Contemporary design and manufacturing
... of large and complicated integrated circuits requires extensive
computer support. This gives rise to such dynamically developing areas
as Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAD/CAM), bridging the gap between microelectronics and computer
science. The CAD software available on present computers includes, at
the very least, such design tools as: a layout editor, circuit extraction
from that layout, extraction of device parameters, logic and circuit
simulators, libraries of device models, and standard subcircuits. All
programs are supported by a graphical user-interface. Such a basic toolset
enables engineers to design Application Specific Integrated Circuits
(ASICs). Similar, though more powerful tools are used by companies
manufacturing VLSI circuits. Simulation programs, such as the
ubiquitous SPICE, form an important part of these CAD packages.
By simulation we mean different forms of circuit analysis, able to
predict circuit responses and to display them in a user-friendly form. The
first purpose of any such simulation is verification of circuit
performance. Simulators also are used in conjunction with optimization
programs to achieve designs which optimize certain aspects of circuit
quality; this is done by minimizing deterministic and/or statistical
objective-functions. Another role is in Monte Carlo estimations of quality
statistics for mass-production of integrated circuits. There, they are
accompanied by simulators for the fabrication process (such as
FABRICS), that can predict the spreads of device parameters white the
circuit simulation predicts the effects of these. We can see therefore, that
circuit simulators are vital tools in the commercial design and
manufacturing of integrated circuits.
Simulation requires efficient device modeling to resolve the conflict
between the complexity of any full description of solid-state physics and
the need to minimize computational effort, particularly when modeling
large circuits. Such simulation programs as HSPICE employ complicated
models of electronic devices, suitable only for very small circuits, while
very large circuits can only be simulated using simple models. At each
level, a compromise has to be struck between aceuracy and efficiency.
Over recent decades, much research effort has gone into developing
computerized circuit theory, numerical analysis, computer science and.