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Progress in Brain Research Volume 273 Circadian and Visual Neuroscience Serial Editor Vincent Walsh InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience UniversityCollegeLondon 17QueenSquare LondonWC1N3ARUK Editorial Board TanyaCalvey, Johannesburg, South Africa University ofthe Witwatersrand Hamed Ekhtiari, USA University ofMinnesota ChiIeong Lau, Taipei, Taiwan Shin Kong WuHo-Su Memorial Hospital ShaneO’Mara, Dublin, Ireland Trinity College FlaviaSantos,Ireland University College Dublin Progress in Brain Research Volume 273 Circadian and Visual Neuroscience Edited by Nayantara Santhi Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom Manuel Spitschan Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tu¨bingen, Germany Chronobiology & Health, TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich; TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Firstedition2022 Copyright©2022ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedin thematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-85945-5 ISSN:0079-6123 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:ZoeKruze AcquisitionsEditor:SamMahfoudh DevelopmentalEditor:FedericoPauloMendoza ProductionProjectManager:AbdullaSait CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contributors Annette E. Allen CentreforBiologicalTiming,DivisionofNeuroscienceandExperimentalBiology, FacultyofBiology,MedicineandHealth,UniversityofManchester,Manchester, United Kingdom Beatriz Banõ-Ota´lora CentreforBiologicalTiming,DivisionofNeuroscienceandExperimentalBiology, FacultyofBiology,MedicineandHealth,UniversityofManchester,Manchester, United Kingdom John L. Barbur CentreforAppliedVisionResearch,TheHenryWellcomeLaboratoriesforVision Science,School ofHealthSciences, City, University ofLondon,London, United Kingdom Pablo A.Barrionuevo Instituto de Investigacioń en Luz, Ambientey Visioń,Consejo Nacional de InvestigacionesCientı´ficas yT(cid:1)ecnicas—Universidad Nacional de Tucumań, Tucumań,Argentina Peter Blattner Federal Institute ofMetrology METAS, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland;Presidentof the InternationalCommission on Illumination (CIE), Vienna,Austria David H.Brainard Department ofPsychology, University ofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA, United States TimothyM. Brown CentreforBiologicalTiming,FacultyofBiologyMedicineandHealth,Universityof Manchester, Manchester,UnitedKingdom Hugo Calligaro Salk Institutefor Biological Studies, La Lolla, CA, United States AshleyE. Copenhaver Department ofBiologicalSciences, University of Maryland,Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, United States Nicolas P. Cottaris Department ofPsychology, University ofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA, United States OuriaDkhissi-Benyahya Univ Lyon, Universit(cid:1)e Claude Bernard Lyon 1,Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute,Bron,France v vi Contributors Greg J. Elder NorthumbriaSleepResearch,DepartmentofPsychology,FacultyofHealthand LifeSciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne,United Kingdom RheaT. Eskew, Jr. Department ofPsychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States Dorothee Fischer Department ofSleep and Human FactorsResearch, Institutefor Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne,Germany Elisabeth Flo-Groeneboom DepartmentofClinicalPsychology,FacultyofPsychology,UniversityofBergen, Bergen,Norway Russell G. Foster SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford,Oxford,United Kingdom Jingyi He Department ofPsychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States Cassie J. Hilditch FatigueCountermeasuresLaboratory,DepartmentofPsychology,SanJos(cid:1)eState University, SanJos(cid:1)e,CA, United States AnyaHurlbert CentreforTransformativeNeuroscienceandInstituteofBiosciences,Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,United Kingdom Luis A. Issolio Instituto de Investigacioń en Luz, Ambiente yVisioń, ConsejoNacionalde InvestigacionesCientı´ficasy T(cid:1)ecnicas—Universidad Nacionalde Tucumań; Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz yVisioń, Facultad de CienciasExactas y Tecnologıá,Universidad Nacional de Tucumań,Tucumań,Argentina Antonin Jandot UnivLyon, Universit(cid:1)e Claude Bernard Lyon 1,Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain ResearchInstitute, Bron, France TaraA.LeGates Department ofBiologicalSciences, University ofMaryland,Baltimore County (UMBC);DepartmentofPhysiology,UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, UnitedStates RenskeLok DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,StanfordUniversity,Stanford, CA, United States Contributors vii Takuma Morimoto Department ofExperimentalPsychology, University ofOxford,Oxford, United Kingdom;Department ofGeneral Psychology, Justus-Liebig-Universit€at Gießen, Gießen, Germany Joshua W. Mouland CentreforBiologicalTiming,FacultyofBiologyMedicineandHealth,Universityof Manchester, Manchester,UnitedKingdom Ruben Pastilha CentreforTransformativeNeuroscienceandInstituteofBiosciences,Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom StuartN.Peirson SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery,NuffieldDepartment ofClinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford, Oxford, United Kingdom CarinaA. Pothecary SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery,NuffieldDepartment ofClinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Oscar U.Preciado Instituto de Investigacioń en Luz, Ambientey Visioń,Consejo Nacional de InvestigacionesCientı´ficas yT(cid:1)ecnicas—Universidad Nacional de Tucumań; Departamentode Luminotecnia, Luzy Visioń,Facultad de Ciencias Exactasy Tecnologıá,Universidad Nacional de Tucumań, Tucumań, Argentina Luke L.A. Price Centre for Radiation, Chemical and EnvironmentalHazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Didcot,Oxfordshire, UnitedKingdom; Secretary ofDivision 6 for Photobiology and Photochemistry ofCIE, Vienna, Austria Roshae C.Roberts Department ofBiologicalSciences, University of Maryland,Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, United States Marıá L. Sandoval Salinas Instituto de Investigacioń en Luz, Ambientey Visioń,Consejo Nacional de InvestigacionesCientı´ficas yT(cid:1)ecnicas—Universidad Nacional de Tucumań; Instituto de Investigaciones en BiodiversidadArgentina, Facultad de Ciencias NaturaleseInstitutoMiguelLillo,UniversidadNacionaldeTucumań,Tucumań, Argentina Ma’ayan Semo SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery,NuffieldDepartment ofClinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford, Oxford, United Kingdom viii Contributors Keizo Shinomori SchoolofInformation/ResearchInstitute,KochiUniversityofTechnology,Kochi, Japan Melissa A.St. Hilaire Division ofSleep and Circadian Disorders, Brighamand Women’s Hospital; DivisionofSleepMedicine,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,UnitedStates Laura C.E. Steel SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford,Oxford,United Kingdom S.K.E.Tam SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford,Oxford,United Kingdom Yesenia Taveras-Cruz Department ofPsychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States SelmaTir SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford,Oxford,United Kingdom Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy SirJulesThornSleepandCircadianNeuroscienceInstitute(SCNi),KavliInstitute for NanoScience Discovery, Department ofPhysiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University ofOxford,Oxford,United Kingdom Brian A.Wandell PsychologyDepartmentandtheStanfordCenterforImageSystemsEngineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States John S.Werner Department ofOphthalmology & Vision Science,University ofCaliforniaDavis, Sacramento,CA, United States JamieM. Zeitzer DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,StanfordUniversity,Stanford; MentalIllnessResearchEducationandClinicalCenter,VAPaloAltoHealthCare System, Palo Alto,CA, United States Contents Contributors..............................................................................................................v Foreword...............................................................................................................xvii Introduction...........................................................................................................xxi CHAPTER 1 Circadian and visual photometry.................................1 LukeL.A. PriceandPeterBlattner 1. The basisof physical photometry..................................................2 1.1 Additional notes toEqs. (1) to(7)..........................................4 2. Colorimetry....................................................................................4 3. IIL responses..................................................................................7 3.1 Additional notes toEqs. (14) and (15)...................................9 4. Conclusions....................................................................................9 References.........................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2 Optical stimulation systems for studying human vision..........................................................................13 Pablo A. Barrionuevo, Oscar U.Preciado, MarıáL. Sandoval Salinas, and Luis A. Issolio 1. Introduction..................................................................................14 1.1 Thesilent substitutionmethod..............................................14 2. Optical stimulation systems.........................................................15 2.1 Nonimage-formingarrangements.........................................15 2.2 Image-formingarrangements................................................19 3. Characterization andcalibration principles.................................25 3.1 Stimulator response curve.....................................................26 3.2 Spectral power distribution...................................................28 3.3 Additivity..............................................................................30 3.4 Modulation transfer function................................................30 3.5 Spatial uniformity.................................................................30 3.6 Temporal stability.................................................................31 3.7 Sources ofartifacts................................................................31 4. Conclusions..................................................................................32 References.........................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3 Hyperspectral characterization of natural lighting environments.................................................37 Takuma Morimoto 1. Introduction..................................................................................37 2. Method.........................................................................................39 ix