CIBSE Lighting Guide LG6:1992 "The Outdoor Environment"

115 Pages·1992·9.33 MB·English

by  Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers

LIGHTING GUIDE 6
THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT
LG6: 1992
CIBSE
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Delta House, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS
I
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the
Institution.
0 1991
THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF
BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS
LONDON
ISBN 0 900953 53 5
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Printed in Great Britain by Mayhew McCrimmon Printers Ltd, Great Wakering, Essex
Conients Page
1 Scope 1
2 Introduction 1
3 General design aspects 2
3.1 Aesthetic considerations 3
3.2 Functional considerations 5
3.3 Factors affecting the visual environment 6
4 Specific applications 7
4.1 Shopping precincts and pedestrian areas 7
4.2 Covered precincts and arcades 8
4.3 Business parks and commercial zones 9
4.4 Vehicle parks 10
4.5 Outdoor work and storage 12
4.6 Railway and coach stations 14
4.7 Hospitals and health care 14
4.8 Banks and building societies 16
4.9 Educational precincts 16
4.1 0 Community buildings 17
4.1 1 Hotels, motels and restaurants 18
4.12 Garage forecourts 19
4.1 3 Subways, stairways, public footpaths 20
4.1 4 Roads and associated areas 21
4.1 5 Tunnel approaches and entrances 23
4.1 6 Parks and gardens 24
4.1 7 Structures 27
4.1 8 Statues and sculpture 29
4.1 9 Monuments and memorials 30
4.20 Clocks and sundials 31
4.21 Flags 32
4.22 Fountains and pools 33
4.23 Festive illuminations 35
4.24 Outdoor bandstands and auditoria 36
4.25 Son et lumiere 37
4.26 Illuminated signs and hoardings 38
5 lighting techniques 41
5.1 Area lighting 41
5.2 Lighting for amenity 42
5.3 Floodlighting of buildings, structures and features 43
5.4 Emergency lighting 51
5.5 Security lighting 53
5.6 Roadway lighting 56
5.7 Landscape lighting 58
6 Equipment 58
6.1 Lamps 58
6.2 Luminaires 61
6.3 Control gear 65
6.4 Supports 65
6.5 Control 66
6.6 Electrical installation 68
Page
7 Maintenance 72
7.1 Commissioning the system 72
7.2 lamp depreciation 72
7.3 luminaire depreciation 73
7.4 Economics 74
7.5 System management 75
Appendix 1 Floodlighting design and calculation methods 76
Appendix 2 Landscape design method 80
References 81
Bibliography 82
Glossary 82
Index
Foreword
The Guide deals with many technical and aesthetic aspects which are likely
to be of interest to users and specifiers of lighting equipment in outdoor
situations. The aim of the Task Group has been to offer relatively simple
ideas to avoid homogenised lighting solutions by presenting the basic visual
problems and individual characteristics of a wide range of outdoor lighting
applications. The designer is encouraged to evaluate the visual need and to
consider artificial lighting and its associated equipment as an integral
component of the complete landscape.
The Task Group wishes to acknowledge the individual contributions to the
Guide provided by:
Lou Bedocs
Arthur Elliott
Clive Goodier
Bob Hargroves
Tom Howcroft
Peter Lovett
Derek H Phillips
Andre Tammes
Alan Tulla
and also to acknowledge the time and facilities provided by Thorn Lighting
Limited.
Task group
P T Le Manquais Chairman
J A M Bell
G D Worthington
Publications Secretary
K J Butcher
Co-ordinating editor
V P Rolfe
The outdoor environment
1 Scope
The last application guide dealing with the practice of exterior lighting was
published by the Illuminating Engineering Society in September 1975
under the title The Outdoor Environment. It was intended principally to
benefit pedestrians in their outdoor environment during the hours of
darkness. The document provided valuable assistance for designers to reach
decisions about how they may enhance safety and visual pleasantness in
urban and rural districts by lighting.
This new outdoor Lighting Guide takes account of changing demands
through the broader scope of its content. It offers guidance and reference
data useful for crime prevention officers, homewatch scheme co-
ordinators, buyers and users, and more technical information needed by
electrical engineers, town planners, developers, traffic engineers, lighting
designers, architects and specifiers. It will also provide students with a
greater appreciation of the problems and application techniques appropriate
to outdoor lighting.
Section 3 discusses general design aspects by examining the lighting
objectives in terms of aesthetic and functional considerations. This forms
the basis for all the specific applications which are reviewed in Section 4.
These include the lighting of parks and gardens, urban areas, and various
types of buildings and structures. Festive and advertising lighting is also
covered in this section.
Section 5 discusses the range of techniques used in some detail, area
lighting amenity, security and emergency lighting. Section 6 reviews
equipment from lamps, luminaires and controls to housings and masts.
Section 7 deals with matters of maintenance and economic factors.
Appendices deal with lamp and Iuminaire data, control gear, floodlighting
and landscape design methodology.
Roadway lighting, traffic, advertising sign illumination and security
lighting are included in this Guide but reference is provided to other
publications which contain more comprehensive information. Lighting for
construction sites, industrial lighting for exterior working areas and
outdoor sports lighting are not included as these applications are dealt with
fully in other separate CIBSE Guides and these are listed in the
Bibliography.
It is hoped that the users of this Guide will find its practical data and advice
purposeful and constructive in helping to achieve a good lighting solution
which effectively satisfies all design aspects.
2 Introduction
The last decade has seen a change in the order of priorities that designers
and specifiers apply to outdoor lighting installations. The overall annual
running costs are no longer associated purely with capital outlay and energy
charges. Present-day trading pressures, financial stringency and lower
staffing levels are forcing all businesses and organisations to be much more
judicious in the use of resources - human, financial and energy. On the
other hand, the benefits for the purchaser of night-time exterior lighting
now extends far beyond the simple experiences of pleasantness, amenity
1
The outdoor environment
1 Scope
The last application guide dealing with the practice of exterior lighting was
published by the Illuminating Engineering Society in September 1975
under the title The Outdoor Environment. It was intended principally to
benefit pedestrians in their outdoor environment during the hours of
darkness. The document provided valuable assistance for designers to reach
decisions about how they may enhance safety and visual pleasantness in
urban and rural districts by lighting.
This new outdoor Lighting Guide takes account of changing demands
through the broader scope of its content. It offers guidance and reference
data useful for crime prevention officers, homewatch scheme co-
ordinators, buyers and users, and more technical information needed by
electrical engineers, town planners, developers, traffic engineers, lighting
designers, architects and specifiers. It will also provide students with a
greater appreciation of the problems and application techniques appropriate
to outdoor lighting.
Section 3 discusses general design aspects by examining the lighting
objectives in terms of aesthetic and functional considerations. This forms
the basis for all the specific applications which are reviewed in Section 4.
These include the lighting of parks and gardens, urban areas, and various
types of buildings and structures. Festive and advertising lighting is also
covered in this section.
Section 5 discusses the range of techniques used in some detail, area
lighting amenity, security and emergency lighting. Section 6 reviews
equipment from lamps, luminaires and controls to housings and masts.
Section 7 deals with matters of maintenance and economic factors.
Appendices deal with lamp and Iuminaire data, control gear, floodlighting
and landscape design methodology.
Roadway lighting, traffic, advertising sign illumination and security
lighting are included in this Guide but reference is provided to other
publications which contain more comprehensive information. Lighting for
construction sites, industrial lighting for exterior working areas and
outdoor sports lighting are not included as these applications are dealt with
fully in other separate CIBSE Guides and these are listed in the
Bibliography.
It is hoped that the users of this Guide will find its practical data and advice
purposeful and constructive in helping to achieve a good lighting solution
which effectively satisfies all design aspects.
2 Introduction
The last decade has seen a change in the order of priorities that designers
and specifiers apply to outdoor lighting installations. The overall annual
running costs are no longer associated purely with capital outlay and energy
charges. Present-day trading pressures, financial stringency and lower
staffing levels are forcing all businesses and organisations to be much more
judicious in the use of resources - human, financial and energy. On the
other hand, the benefits for the purchaser of night-time exterior lighting
now extends far beyond the simple experiences of pleasantness, amenity
1
CIBSE LIGHTING GUIDE
and the stimulation that comes from an attractively lighted night-scape
both for private and public organisations. A large part of the responsibility
for the provision and operation of outdoor lighting rests with the local
authorities. Many authorities now have special problems related to the
night-time environment that warrant urgent and serious consideration.
Very many of these authorities stand to gain significant benefits from
improved exterior lighting. Increases in the incidence of crime and anti-
social activity in the inner city and urban residential areas have emphasised
the pressing need for improved amenity, safety and security.
On the brighter side, towns and cities are now being given a new lease of life
with shopping malls and large zones totally free from vehicular traffic.
Architects and planners have the scope for building a new and exciting
character into these new areas with emphasis on increased attractiveness,
coupled with safety and security, encouraging a sense of local pride and
well-being.
It is important for the designer to note therefore that, although the
expression ‘functional outdoor lighting’ may be used to describe any type of
exterior lighting that is intended to do a task rather than for its visual effect,
a design with empathy will almost always produce an overall enhancement
of the visual environment.
This Guide accepts the view that there is an awareness that much of our
present outdoor lighting practice, particularly in the more sensitive areas, is
no longer acceptable. There is now a challenge for the lighting designer to
ensure that his knowledge and skill is utilised fully for the benefit of the
entire community.
3 General design aspects
The basic objectives of the outdoor lighting described in this guide are to
promote safety and security at night, enhance appreciation and enjoyment
of the surroundings and, by giving a sense of belonging, help people to
relax.
To achieve these objectives, adequate and properly distributed light of
suitable colour is needed to display the form and characteristics of principal
features in a satisfying manner, reveal clearly such hazards as changes of
level, illuminate dark and potentially dangerous areas, and enable full
advantage to be taken of opportunities for entertainment, culture and
leisure.
Often a small amount of light can fulfil the needs, indeed the effects may be
spoilt by having an excess. The desirable balance between the various
lighted areas is a matter of subjective judgement rather than engineering
expertise; an appreciation of the visual effects is called for both on a large
scale and when lighting individual features. In general, calculations are
subservient to experience when dealing with the types of lighting discussed
in this Guide.
The designer’s task first is to identify clearly the objectives of the proposed
lighting project and then to consider how these can be met by applying the
principles described. Often well designed lighting will satisfy objectives
other than the main one. For example, urban street lighting may not only
serve the safety needs of drivers and pedestrians but also light surrounding
buildings so that the whole environment is more pleasing. The best results
are usually achieved when individual schemes are co-ordinated with the
lighting plan for a whole district, and when the designer is able to
2
CIBSE LIGHTING GUIDE
and the stimulation that comes from an attractively lighted night-scape
both for private and public organisations. A large part of the responsibility
for the provision and operation of outdoor lighting rests with the local
authorities. Many authorities now have special problems related to the
night-time environment that warrant urgent and serious consideration.
Very many of these authorities stand to gain significant benefits from
improved exterior lighting. Increases in the incidence of crime and anti-
social activity in the inner city and urban residential areas have emphasised
the pressing need for improved amenity, safety and security.
On the brighter side, towns and cities are now being given a new lease of life
with shopping malls and large zones totally free from vehicular traffic.
Architects and planners have the scope for building a new and exciting
character into these new areas with emphasis on increased attractiveness,
coupled with safety and security, encouraging a sense of local pride and
well-being.
It is important for the designer to note therefore that, although the
expression ‘functional outdoor lighting’ may be used to describe any type of
exterior lighting that is intended to do a task rather than for its visual effect,
a design with empathy will almost always produce an overall enhancement
of the visual environment.
This Guide accepts the view that there is an awareness that much of our
present outdoor lighting practice, particularly in the more sensitive areas, is
no longer acceptable. There is now a challenge for the lighting designer to
ensure that his knowledge and skill is utilised fully for the benefit of the
entire community.
3 General design aspects
The basic objectives of the outdoor lighting described in this guide are to
promote safety and security at night, enhance appreciation and enjoyment
of the surroundings and, by giving a sense of belonging, help people to
relax.
To achieve these objectives, adequate and properly distributed light of
suitable colour is needed to display the form and characteristics of principal
features in a satisfying manner, reveal clearly such hazards as changes of
level, illuminate dark and potentially dangerous areas, and enable full
advantage to be taken of opportunities for entertainment, culture and
leisure.
Often a small amount of light can fulfil the needs, indeed the effects may be
spoilt by having an excess. The desirable balance between the various
lighted areas is a matter of subjective judgement rather than engineering
expertise; an appreciation of the visual effects is called for both on a large
scale and when lighting individual features. In general, calculations are
subservient to experience when dealing with the types of lighting discussed
in this Guide.
The designer’s task first is to identify clearly the objectives of the proposed
lighting project and then to consider how these can be met by applying the
principles described. Often well designed lighting will satisfy objectives
other than the main one. For example, urban street lighting may not only
serve the safety needs of drivers and pedestrians but also light surrounding
buildings so that the whole environment is more pleasing. The best results
are usually achieved when individual schemes are co-ordinated with the
lighting plan for a whole district, and when the designer is able to
2
THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT
collaborate closely throughout a project with the architect, landscape
architect, consulting or municipal engineer and the client.
The following issues affect the way in which people respond to the visual
environment.
3.1 Aesthetic
considerations
3.1.1 Unity Unity or cohesion between elements in a scene can be achieved by a
carefully conceived design theme. Once a theme is established it will guide
the development from the overall lit effect to the selection of appropriate
equipment with regard to scale, shape, material and colour. See plate 1.
3.1.2 Key A high key scene has mainly bright tones, having high reflectance finishes
with reasonably high values of illuminance which is fairly evenly
distributed. A low key scene has mainly dark tones which may be provided
by the finishes or by intentional variations of illuminance giving contrast
between dark and light areas. The key selected will be related to the
function of an area and the reflectances of its various surfaces. For example,
in response to different sets of requirements an urban area may be generally
bright with high lighting levels whereas a country district could call for a
lower key approach in keeping with the surroundings.
3.1.3 Scale Scale concerns the perceived size of building elements or spaces relative to
other forms or to people. As lighting at night can be selective, the scale
interpretation of an environment can differ from that by day. An intimate,
friendly, scale can be created by controlled contrasts in luminance, pools of
light related to significant areas such as individual dining tables or a cafe
terrace or seating areas where pathways meet. In urban areas the contrast
could be between lighting in streets leading to a major square and that of the
square itself. The more general the lighting the more normal the sense of
scale. Lighting can emphasise the scale of the environment or a building.
For example, a building where only selected features are lit could have an
intimate smaller scale appearance than when totally floodlit, its impressive
mass dominating the view. The effectiveness of scale depends upon
relationships which are created within the visual field. See Plate 2.
0
Figure 3.1. Torquay pavilion. Small light sources outlining key architectural features create an
appropriate festive air for a seaside pavjlion.
5