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CIBSE Lighting Guide LG6:1992 "The Outdoor Environment" PDF

115 Pages·1992·9.33 MB·English
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LIGHTING GUIDE 6 THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT LG6: 1992 CIBSE The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Delta House, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS I The rights of publication or of translation are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Institution. 0 1991 THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS LONDON ISBN 0 900953 53 5 This document i s bored upon the best knowledge ovoilnble nt the time of publicotion. However no responsibility of ony Und for ony injury, deoth, loss, domogeordeloy however caused resulting from the useaftheserecommendo~onrcobne accepted by the Chortered Institutiono f Building Services Engineers, the authors or others involvedi n its publicotion. In adopting these recommendationsf or use each adopter by so doing ogreer to accept full responsibility for any personol injury, deoth, loss, damage or deloy orising out of or in connection with their use by or on beholf of such odopter inerpectiveo f the cause or reoson therefore ond agrees 10 defend, indemnifya nd hold hnrmless ihe Chartered Institutiono f Building Services Engineers, the oufhors and others invoked in their publicationf rom ond agoinst any and 011 liability orising out of or in connection with such use 0s oforesoid ond irrespdve of any negligence on the pad of those indemnified. Printed in Great Britain by Mayhew McCrimmon Printers Ltd, Great Wakering, Essex Conients Page 1 Scope 1 2 Introduction 1 3 General design aspects 2 3.1 Aesthetic considerations 3 3.2 Functional considerations 5 3.3 Factors affecting the visual environment 6 4 Specific applications 7 4.1 Shopping precincts and pedestrian areas 7 4.2 Covered precincts and arcades 8 4.3 Business parks and commercial zones 9 4.4 Vehicle parks 10 4.5 Outdoor work and storage 12 4.6 Railway and coach stations 14 4.7 Hospitals and health care 14 4.8 Banks and building societies 16 4.9 Educational precincts 16 4.1 0 Community buildings 17 4.1 1 Hotels, motels and restaurants 18 4.12 Garage forecourts 19 4.1 3 Subways, stairways, public footpaths 20 4.1 4 Roads and associated areas 21 4.1 5 Tunnel approaches and entrances 23 4.1 6 Parks and gardens 24 4.1 7 Structures 27 4.1 8 Statues and sculpture 29 4.1 9 Monuments and memorials 30 4.20 Clocks and sundials 31 4.21 Flags 32 4.22 Fountains and pools 33 4.23 Festive illuminations 35 4.24 Outdoor bandstands and auditoria 36 4.25 Son et lumiere 37 4.26 Illuminated signs and hoardings 38 5 lighting techniques 41 5.1 Area lighting 41 5.2 Lighting for amenity 42 5.3 Floodlighting of buildings, structures and features 43 5.4 Emergency lighting 51 5.5 Security lighting 53 5.6 Roadway lighting 56 5.7 Landscape lighting 58 6 Equipment 58 6.1 Lamps 58 6.2 Luminaires 61 6.3 Control gear 65 6.4 Supports 65 6.5 Control 66 6.6 Electrical installation 68 Page 7 Maintenance 72 7.1 Commissioning the system 72 7.2 lamp depreciation 72 7.3 luminaire depreciation 73 7.4 Economics 74 7.5 System management 75 Appendix 1 Floodlighting design and calculation methods 76 Appendix 2 Landscape design method 80 References 81 Bibliography 82 Glossary 82 Index Foreword The Guide deals with many technical and aesthetic aspects which are likely to be of interest to users and specifiers of lighting equipment in outdoor situations. The aim of the Task Group has been to offer relatively simple ideas to avoid homogenised lighting solutions by presenting the basic visual problems and individual characteristics of a wide range of outdoor lighting applications. The designer is encouraged to evaluate the visual need and to consider artificial lighting and its associated equipment as an integral component of the complete landscape. The Task Group wishes to acknowledge the individual contributions to the Guide provided by: Lou Bedocs Arthur Elliott Clive Goodier Bob Hargroves Tom Howcroft Peter Lovett Derek H Phillips Andre Tammes Alan Tulla and also to acknowledge the time and facilities provided by Thorn Lighting Limited. Task group P T Le Manquais Chairman J A M Bell G D Worthington Publications Secretary K J Butcher Co-ordinating editor V P Rolfe The outdoor environment 1 Scope The last application guide dealing with the practice of exterior lighting was published by the Illuminating Engineering Society in September 1975 under the title The Outdoor Environment. It was intended principally to benefit pedestrians in their outdoor environment during the hours of darkness. The document provided valuable assistance for designers to reach decisions about how they may enhance safety and visual pleasantness in urban and rural districts by lighting. This new outdoor Lighting Guide takes account of changing demands through the broader scope of its content. It offers guidance and reference data useful for crime prevention officers, homewatch scheme co- ordinators, buyers and users, and more technical information needed by electrical engineers, town planners, developers, traffic engineers, lighting designers, architects and specifiers. It will also provide students with a greater appreciation of the problems and application techniques appropriate to outdoor lighting. Section 3 discusses general design aspects by examining the lighting objectives in terms of aesthetic and functional considerations. This forms the basis for all the specific applications which are reviewed in Section 4. These include the lighting of parks and gardens, urban areas, and various types of buildings and structures. Festive and advertising lighting is also covered in this section. Section 5 discusses the range of techniques used in some detail, area lighting amenity, security and emergency lighting. Section 6 reviews equipment from lamps, luminaires and controls to housings and masts. Section 7 deals with matters of maintenance and economic factors. Appendices deal with lamp and Iuminaire data, control gear, floodlighting and landscape design methodology. Roadway lighting, traffic, advertising sign illumination and security lighting are included in this Guide but reference is provided to other publications which contain more comprehensive information. Lighting for construction sites, industrial lighting for exterior working areas and outdoor sports lighting are not included as these applications are dealt with fully in other separate CIBSE Guides and these are listed in the Bibliography. It is hoped that the users of this Guide will find its practical data and advice purposeful and constructive in helping to achieve a good lighting solution which effectively satisfies all design aspects. 2 Introduction The last decade has seen a change in the order of priorities that designers and specifiers apply to outdoor lighting installations. The overall annual running costs are no longer associated purely with capital outlay and energy charges. Present-day trading pressures, financial stringency and lower staffing levels are forcing all businesses and organisations to be much more judicious in the use of resources - human, financial and energy. On the other hand, the benefits for the purchaser of night-time exterior lighting now extends far beyond the simple experiences of pleasantness, amenity 1 The outdoor environment 1 Scope The last application guide dealing with the practice of exterior lighting was published by the Illuminating Engineering Society in September 1975 under the title The Outdoor Environment. It was intended principally to benefit pedestrians in their outdoor environment during the hours of darkness. The document provided valuable assistance for designers to reach decisions about how they may enhance safety and visual pleasantness in urban and rural districts by lighting. This new outdoor Lighting Guide takes account of changing demands through the broader scope of its content. It offers guidance and reference data useful for crime prevention officers, homewatch scheme co- ordinators, buyers and users, and more technical information needed by electrical engineers, town planners, developers, traffic engineers, lighting designers, architects and specifiers. It will also provide students with a greater appreciation of the problems and application techniques appropriate to outdoor lighting. Section 3 discusses general design aspects by examining the lighting objectives in terms of aesthetic and functional considerations. This forms the basis for all the specific applications which are reviewed in Section 4. These include the lighting of parks and gardens, urban areas, and various types of buildings and structures. Festive and advertising lighting is also covered in this section. Section 5 discusses the range of techniques used in some detail, area lighting amenity, security and emergency lighting. Section 6 reviews equipment from lamps, luminaires and controls to housings and masts. Section 7 deals with matters of maintenance and economic factors. Appendices deal with lamp and Iuminaire data, control gear, floodlighting and landscape design methodology. Roadway lighting, traffic, advertising sign illumination and security lighting are included in this Guide but reference is provided to other publications which contain more comprehensive information. Lighting for construction sites, industrial lighting for exterior working areas and outdoor sports lighting are not included as these applications are dealt with fully in other separate CIBSE Guides and these are listed in the Bibliography. It is hoped that the users of this Guide will find its practical data and advice purposeful and constructive in helping to achieve a good lighting solution which effectively satisfies all design aspects. 2 Introduction The last decade has seen a change in the order of priorities that designers and specifiers apply to outdoor lighting installations. The overall annual running costs are no longer associated purely with capital outlay and energy charges. Present-day trading pressures, financial stringency and lower staffing levels are forcing all businesses and organisations to be much more judicious in the use of resources - human, financial and energy. On the other hand, the benefits for the purchaser of night-time exterior lighting now extends far beyond the simple experiences of pleasantness, amenity 1 CIBSE LIGHTING GUIDE and the stimulation that comes from an attractively lighted night-scape both for private and public organisations. A large part of the responsibility for the provision and operation of outdoor lighting rests with the local authorities. Many authorities now have special problems related to the night-time environment that warrant urgent and serious consideration. Very many of these authorities stand to gain significant benefits from improved exterior lighting. Increases in the incidence of crime and anti- social activity in the inner city and urban residential areas have emphasised the pressing need for improved amenity, safety and security. On the brighter side, towns and cities are now being given a new lease of life with shopping malls and large zones totally free from vehicular traffic. Architects and planners have the scope for building a new and exciting character into these new areas with emphasis on increased attractiveness, coupled with safety and security, encouraging a sense of local pride and well-being. It is important for the designer to note therefore that, although the expression ‘functional outdoor lighting’ may be used to describe any type of exterior lighting that is intended to do a task rather than for its visual effect, a design with empathy will almost always produce an overall enhancement of the visual environment. This Guide accepts the view that there is an awareness that much of our present outdoor lighting practice, particularly in the more sensitive areas, is no longer acceptable. There is now a challenge for the lighting designer to ensure that his knowledge and skill is utilised fully for the benefit of the entire community. 3 General design aspects The basic objectives of the outdoor lighting described in this guide are to promote safety and security at night, enhance appreciation and enjoyment of the surroundings and, by giving a sense of belonging, help people to relax. To achieve these objectives, adequate and properly distributed light of suitable colour is needed to display the form and characteristics of principal features in a satisfying manner, reveal clearly such hazards as changes of level, illuminate dark and potentially dangerous areas, and enable full advantage to be taken of opportunities for entertainment, culture and leisure. Often a small amount of light can fulfil the needs, indeed the effects may be spoilt by having an excess. The desirable balance between the various lighted areas is a matter of subjective judgement rather than engineering expertise; an appreciation of the visual effects is called for both on a large scale and when lighting individual features. In general, calculations are subservient to experience when dealing with the types of lighting discussed in this Guide. The designer’s task first is to identify clearly the objectives of the proposed lighting project and then to consider how these can be met by applying the principles described. Often well designed lighting will satisfy objectives other than the main one. For example, urban street lighting may not only serve the safety needs of drivers and pedestrians but also light surrounding buildings so that the whole environment is more pleasing. The best results are usually achieved when individual schemes are co-ordinated with the lighting plan for a whole district, and when the designer is able to 2 CIBSE LIGHTING GUIDE and the stimulation that comes from an attractively lighted night-scape both for private and public organisations. A large part of the responsibility for the provision and operation of outdoor lighting rests with the local authorities. Many authorities now have special problems related to the night-time environment that warrant urgent and serious consideration. Very many of these authorities stand to gain significant benefits from improved exterior lighting. Increases in the incidence of crime and anti- social activity in the inner city and urban residential areas have emphasised the pressing need for improved amenity, safety and security. On the brighter side, towns and cities are now being given a new lease of life with shopping malls and large zones totally free from vehicular traffic. Architects and planners have the scope for building a new and exciting character into these new areas with emphasis on increased attractiveness, coupled with safety and security, encouraging a sense of local pride and well-being. It is important for the designer to note therefore that, although the expression ‘functional outdoor lighting’ may be used to describe any type of exterior lighting that is intended to do a task rather than for its visual effect, a design with empathy will almost always produce an overall enhancement of the visual environment. This Guide accepts the view that there is an awareness that much of our present outdoor lighting practice, particularly in the more sensitive areas, is no longer acceptable. There is now a challenge for the lighting designer to ensure that his knowledge and skill is utilised fully for the benefit of the entire community. 3 General design aspects The basic objectives of the outdoor lighting described in this guide are to promote safety and security at night, enhance appreciation and enjoyment of the surroundings and, by giving a sense of belonging, help people to relax. To achieve these objectives, adequate and properly distributed light of suitable colour is needed to display the form and characteristics of principal features in a satisfying manner, reveal clearly such hazards as changes of level, illuminate dark and potentially dangerous areas, and enable full advantage to be taken of opportunities for entertainment, culture and leisure. Often a small amount of light can fulfil the needs, indeed the effects may be spoilt by having an excess. The desirable balance between the various lighted areas is a matter of subjective judgement rather than engineering expertise; an appreciation of the visual effects is called for both on a large scale and when lighting individual features. In general, calculations are subservient to experience when dealing with the types of lighting discussed in this Guide. The designer’s task first is to identify clearly the objectives of the proposed lighting project and then to consider how these can be met by applying the principles described. Often well designed lighting will satisfy objectives other than the main one. For example, urban street lighting may not only serve the safety needs of drivers and pedestrians but also light surrounding buildings so that the whole environment is more pleasing. The best results are usually achieved when individual schemes are co-ordinated with the lighting plan for a whole district, and when the designer is able to 2 THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT collaborate closely throughout a project with the architect, landscape architect, consulting or municipal engineer and the client. The following issues affect the way in which people respond to the visual environment. 3.1 Aesthetic considerations 3.1.1 Unity Unity or cohesion between elements in a scene can be achieved by a carefully conceived design theme. Once a theme is established it will guide the development from the overall lit effect to the selection of appropriate equipment with regard to scale, shape, material and colour. See plate 1. 3.1.2 Key A high key scene has mainly bright tones, having high reflectance finishes with reasonably high values of illuminance which is fairly evenly distributed. A low key scene has mainly dark tones which may be provided by the finishes or by intentional variations of illuminance giving contrast between dark and light areas. The key selected will be related to the function of an area and the reflectances of its various surfaces. For example, in response to different sets of requirements an urban area may be generally bright with high lighting levels whereas a country district could call for a lower key approach in keeping with the surroundings. 3.1.3 Scale Scale concerns the perceived size of building elements or spaces relative to other forms or to people. As lighting at night can be selective, the scale interpretation of an environment can differ from that by day. An intimate, friendly, scale can be created by controlled contrasts in luminance, pools of light related to significant areas such as individual dining tables or a cafe terrace or seating areas where pathways meet. In urban areas the contrast could be between lighting in streets leading to a major square and that of the square itself. The more general the lighting the more normal the sense of scale. Lighting can emphasise the scale of the environment or a building. For example, a building where only selected features are lit could have an intimate smaller scale appearance than when totally floodlit, its impressive mass dominating the view. The effectiveness of scale depends upon relationships which are created within the visual field. See Plate 2. 0 Figure 3.1. Torquay pavilion. Small light sources outlining key architectural features create an appropriate festive air for a seaside pavjlion. 5

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