Ciba Foundation Symposium - The Nature of Sleep

445 Pages·1961·17.67 MB·English

NATURE
THE
OF SLEEP
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Frotifirpiece
CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM
ON
THE NATURE OF
SLEEP
Editorsfor the Ciba Foundation
w.
G. E. WOLSTENHOLME, O.B.E., MA., M.B., M.R.C.P.
and
MAEVE O’CONNOR, B.A.
With 101 Illustrations
LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY
BOSTON
Prirrted in Gent Brifniri
This book is protected under the Berne Convention.
It may not be reproduced by any means, in whole
or in part, without permission. Applications with
regard fo reproduction should be addressed to the
Publishers.
iv
THEC iba Foundation, a unique international institution, owes
its inception to the generosity of CIBA Limited, Basle. However,
being established under British trust law, it enjoys complete
independence in practice and policy.
Under the guidance of its distinguished Trustees, the
Foundation offers accommodation to scientists from all over
the world at its home in Portland Place. Foremost in its activities
is the organization of small conferences, the proceedings of which
are published in book form in the manner of the present volume.
The Foundation convenes many other informal discussions
between research workers of different disciplines and different
nationahties and each year invites an outstanding authority to
deliver a special lecture. An exchange programme between
French and British postgraduates is conducted and a library
service is available. Furthermore, the Ciba Foundation attempts
in every other way possible to aid scientists, whether they be
Nobel Laureates or young graduates making their first original
contribution to research.
The purpose of the Ciba Foundation, which is to promote
international co-operation in medical and chenlical research, is
symbolized in the armorial bearings by five interlaced rings
representing the continents, a black sacrificial cock (emblem of
Aesculapius) holding a medical caduceus, and three regular
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the red sword of St. Paul and the British lion; the wyvern and
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firm located in this ancient Swiss town.
V
THE CIBA FOUNDATION
fer the Romotion o f International Co-opnation in Medical and Chemical Research
41 PORTLANDP ua, LONDONW, .I.
Trustees
THER IGHT HON.L ORDb m,O .M., F.R.S.
THER IGHT HON.L orn BEVERIDGEK, .C.B., F.B.A.
RUSSELBLR AINB, T.
Sm
THEH ON. GEORGELL OYD-JACOB
Sm
SIR RAYMONDN EEDHAMQ.,C .. F.S.A.
Executive Council
SIR RUSSELBLR AINB, T., Chairman SIR ARTHUa VEREH ARVEYC,. B.E.,
DR. F. GROSS M.P.
PROFESSOAR. WDOW,F .R.S. THEH ON. GEORGEL LOYD-JACOB
Sm
PROFESSOFR. G. YOUNGF, .R.S.
Director, and Secretary to the Executive Council
DR. G. E. W. WOLSTENHOLOM.BE.E..
Deputy Director
v. s.
Mr. A. DE REUCK, M.SC.
Assistant Secretary
Mrss N. BLAND
Scientific Assistant and Librarian Editorial Assistant
Mxss M. P. CAMERONM, .A. a s s MAEVEO 'CONNORB, .A.
Confwence Assistant
MRS.N ANCYG . SPUPFORD
Ti
PREFACE
SLEEPi s a most attractive subject for discussion. Probably
everybody has an urge to be personal and anecdotal about his
enjoyment, or otherwise, of this universal experience. And if
the topic of sleep awakens as many tongues as sleep itself seals,
how much more irresistible is the chance to speak of dreams. It
can be understood that the Ciba Foundation approached hesi-
tantly the task of organizing one of its small international con-
ferences in order to consider the physiological aspects of the
nature of sleep.
Under the rousing chairmanship of Sir John Eccles, however,
a considerable wealth of pertinent research was presented and
discussed at the symposium. Much of the research rides on the
waves of the electroencephalogram, and is greatly concerned
with diurnal, nocturnal and seasonal tides of sleep and wakeful-
ness in all the complex circumstances of human experience and
especially under the exacting demands of modem travel, national
security, and community life.
The discerning reader, whether physiologist, philosopher,
behaviourist, natural historian, Service consultant or enquiring
individual, should find something of interest in this volume which
contains the papers given at symposium and the discussions
this
they aroused. The Ciba Foundation will be well rewarded if this
book awakens fresh interest and stimulates new experiments to
unravel the mysteries still surrounding one-third of our natural
life.
Vii
CONTENTS
PAGE
Chairman’s opening remarks
SIRJ OHN ECCLES . . . . . I
Some properties of pyramidal neurones of the motor cortex
by C. G. PHILLIPS . . . . . . . . .
4
Discussion: BREMERE, CCLESG, ASTAUTH, UNSPERGEJRU,N G,P HILLIPS,
ROWLANVDE, RZEANO . . . . . . . .
24
Neurophysiological mechanisms in cerebral arousal
by F. BREMER. . . . . . . . .
30
Discussion: BRADLEBYR, EMERD,E LLE, CCLESJU, NGK, LEITMAMN,O RUZZI,
ROWLANDV,E RZEANO . . . . . . 50
Electroencephalogram-synchronizing structures in the lower
brain
stem
by J. MAGNESG,. MORUZZaIn d 0. POMPEIANO. . . .
57
Discussion: ADRIANB; REMERC,A SPERDS,E LLE, CCLESH, UNSPERGEJURN, G,
MORUZZIO, SWALDP,H ILLIPSR, OWLAND . . .
78
Mechanisms of reticular deactivation
by P. DELL,M . BONVALLEanTd A. HUGELIN . . . .
86
Discussion: BRADLEYD,E LLG, ASTAUJTO, UVETJU, NGM, ORUZZOI, SWALD,
PHILLIPSR,O WLANDST, EWART . . . . .
I03
Neuronal activity in wakefulness and in sleep
by M. VERZEANaOnd K. NEGISHI . . .
108
Discussion: BREMERE,C CLESJU, NG,R OWLANDV,E RZEANO. . .
126
Neuronal discharge in the cat’s motor cortex during sleep and
arousal
by 0. CREUTZFELaDiiTd R. JUNG . . . .
131
Effects of sleep and waking activity single units in the
on of un-
restrained cat
by E. V. EVARTS . . . . .
171
Discussion: BRADLEYB, REMERE, CCLESE, VARTSH, UNSPERGEJURN,G ,
KLEITMANPH, ILLIPSR,O WLANDV,E RZEANO . . .
I 82
Telencephalic and rhombencephalic sleep in the cat
by M. JOUVET . . . . . . . 188
Discussion: BRADLEYB,R EMERM, ORUZZJIO, UVET . . . 206
clinical, electroencephalographic and polygraphic study sleep
A of
in the human adult
by H. FISCHGOLaDnd BETTYA . SCHWARTZ . , . . 209
Discusn’on: DELL, EVARTS,F ISCHGOLDJ,o weT, JUNG, KLBITMAN,
SCHWARTZ . . . . . . . . .
23 1
ix
CONTBNTS
X
PAGE
Changes of cortical d.c. potentials in the sleep-wakefulness cycle
. . . . . . . . .
by H. CASPERS 237
Discussion: ADRIANB, REMERC, ASPERSD, ELL,E CCLESE, VARTSJU, NG,
. . . . . . . . .
PHILLIPRSO, WLAND 253
Electroencephalographic detection of sleep induced by repetitive
sensory stimuli
by H. GASTAUT J. BERT . . . . . . . 260
and
Discussion: BRADLEYD, ELL, ECCLESE, LITHORNE, VARTS,G ASTAUT,
JOWBTK, LEKTMAHN. ,E . LEWIS, MAYER-GROMSSO, RUZZIO, SWALD,
. . .
PHILLIPS, ROWLANSDC,H WARTZ, STEWART, WEKINSON
Electtographic responses in sleeping conditioned animals
by V. ROWLAND . . . . . . . . . 284
Discussion: ADRIAN, BREMEDRE, LLE, CCLEPSH, ILLIPSR, OWLAND. . 304
Hibernation and sleep
by P. SUOMALAINEN . . . . . . . . 307
Diccucsion: ADRIAN, BREMERD, ELL,E CCLESE,L ITHORNH,U NSPERGER,
-MAN, HARRISOMNA mmws, OSWALDPH, ILLIPSS,M ITHS, UOMA-
LAINEN, WILKINSON. . . . . . . . . 316
Sleep patterns polar expeditions
by H. E. LoEnW IS . . . . . . . . 3 22
Effects sleep-deprivation performance and muscle tension
of on. . . . . . .
by R. T. WILKINSON 329
Discussion: BREMEREC, CLESG,A STAUKT,L EITMANH,. E. LEWIS,
ADRIAN,
HARRISObNm w s , P HILLIPSS,C HWARTSZU, OMALAINEWNI, LKIN-
. . . . . . . . . . .
SON 336
Cortical function during human sleep
by I. OSWALDA, NNEM . TAYLOanRd M. TREISMAN . . . 34 3
Discussion: FISCHGOLODS, WALDR,O WLAND . . . . . 348
The nature of dreaming
. . . . . . . . .
~~N.KLEITMAN 34 9
Discussion: BREMERD, ELL,E CCLESF,E LDBERGGA, STAUTH,U NSPEBGER,
JOUVET, KLEITMAAN., LEWIS, MAYER-GROSRSO, WLANDSC, HWARTZ.
WILKINSON. . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 4
Sleep and the energy metabolism of the brain . .
bys. s. GTY . . . . . . . . . 37s
Discussion: BREMERC, ASPERESC, CLESE,L ITHORNE, VARTJSU,N G, &n,
. . . . . . . . . . .
ROWLAND 381
General discussion: ADRIANB,R ADLEBYI, WIERD,E LLE, CCLESG. ASTAUT,
JUNG, Kan, -MAN, H. E. LEWISM, ORUZZRI,O WLANDS, CHWARTZ,
SUOMALAINWENIL, ~INSO.N . . . . . . . 386
. . . . . . . .
Chairman’s closing remarks 397