Ciba Foundation Symposium - Significant Trends in Medical Research

366 Pages·1959·4.423 MB·English

SIGNIFICANT TRENDS IN
MEDICAL RESEARCH
Ciba Foundation Symposia
General Volumes:
Mammalian Germ Cells - - - - - 30%
Preservation and Transdantation of Normal
Tissues - - - - - - -
Leukaemia Research - - - - -
Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines - -
Porphyrin Biosynthesis and Metabolism -
Histamine - - - - - - -
Extrasensory Perception - - - -
Bone Structure and Metabolism - - -
Paper Electrophoresis - - - - -
Ionizing Radiations and Cell Metabolism -
The Nature of Viruses - - - -
Chemistry and Biology of Purines - -
Drug Resistance in Micro-organisms - -
Chemistry and Biology of Mucopolysaccharides 45s.
The Cerebrospinal Fluid - - - - - 50s.
Neurological Basis of Behaviour- - - 52s. 6d.
Amino Acids and Peptides with Antimetabolic
Activity - - - - - - - - 45s.
Medical Biology and Etruscan Origins - - 45s.
Biosynthesis of Terpenes and Sterols - - - 45s.
Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms of Action - - 48s.
Regulation of Cell Metabolism - - - 52s. 6d.
- -
Biochemistry of Human Genetics -
Cellular Aspects of Immunity - - - -
A leajlet giving details of the Ciba Foundation Colloquia on
Endocrinology, Colloquia on Ageing and Study Groups is
availablejom the Publishers
Ciba Foundation
TENTH ANNI VE R S ARY SYM P 0 S IUM
ON
SIGNIFICANT TRENDS IN
MEDICAL RESEARCH
Editors for the Ciba Foundation
G. E. W. WOLSTENHOLME, O.B.B.
M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P.
CECILIA M. O’CONNOR MAEVE O’CONNOR
BSc. B.A.
With 41 Illustrations
J. & A. CHURCHILL LTD.
104 Gloucester Place, London, W.I
I959
This book is protected under the Berne Convention.
It may not be reproduced by any means, in whole
or in part, without permission. Applications with
regard to reproduction should be addressed to the
Publishers.
@ J. & A. CHUR- LTD. 1959
iv
THEC iba Foundation, a unique international institution, owes
its inception to the generosity of CIBA Limited, Basle. However,
being established under British trust law, it enjoys complete
independence in practice and policy.
Under the guidance of its distinguished Trustees, the
Foundation offers accommodation to scientists from all over
the world at its home in Portland Place. Foremost in its activities
is the organization of small conferences, the proceedings of which
are published in book form in the manner of the present volume.
The Foundation convenes many other informal discussions
between research workers of different disciplines and different
nationalities and each year invites an outstandmg authority to
deliver a special lecture. An exchange programme between
French and British postgraduates is conducted and a library
service is available. Furthermore, the Ciba Foundation attempts
in every other way possible to aid scientists, whether they be
Nobel Laureates or young graduates making their first original
contribution to research.
The purpose of the Ciba Foundation, which is to promote
international co-operation in medical and chemical research, is
symbolized in the armorial bearings by five interlaced rings
representing the continents, a black sacrhcial cock (emblem of
Aesculapius) holding a medical caduceus, and three regular
hexagons for chenlistry. Its domicile in London is indicated by
the red sword of St. Paul and the British lion; the wyvern and
the crozier, symbols associated with Basle, refer to the sponsoring
firm located in this ancient Swiss town.
V
THE CIBA FOUNDATION
for the Promotion ojI nternational Co-operation in Medical and Chemical Research
41 PORTLANPDL ACBL, ONDONW, .I.
Trustees
TIIB RT. HON. LORD ADRIANO, .M., F.R.S.
Tm RT. HON.L ORD BEVERIDGKE,. C.B., F.B.A.
SIR Russsu BRAINB, T.
THE HON. SIR GEORGLEL OYD-JACOB
SIR RAYMONNDE EDHAQM.,C ., F.S.A.
Executive Council
SIR RUSSELBLR AINB, T., Chairman THEH ON. SIR GEORGLEL OYD-JACOB
PROPESSAO.R H ADDOWF,. R.S. Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. R. Meier
Sn ARTHUR V m IIARVBY, C.B.E., PROFESSFO. RG . YOUNGF,. R.S.
M.P.
Director and Secretary 60 the Executive Council
DR. G. E. W. WOLSTBNHOLOM.BB,. E.
Deputy Director
DR. H. N. H. GBNESB
Assistarit Secretary
Mm N. BLAND
Scientific Assistant Editorial Assistant
h4m CBCILIMA. O’CONNORB, .Sc. Wss M m O ’CONNOBR.,A .
Conference Assistant Librarian
MRS. NANCGY. SPUPFORD h4m LYLIANBA . R. T R E ~
vi
PREFACE
THISfi ftieth major volume published by J. & A. Churchill
Ltd. for the Ciba Foundation appropriately contains the tran-
sactions of a special symposium, arranged in celebration of the
tenth anniversary of the opening of the Ciba Foundation by
Sir Henry Dale, O.M., in June 1949.
From Professor A. von Muralt had come the suggestion that
it would be interesting and probably valuable to consider the
more important and distinctive advances in research over the
ten-year period. To make such contributions debatable, in the
manner of informal discussion customary at the Foundation, the
Director invited his programme speakers to pick out those
developments in the past ten years which they believed would
prove to be most significant in the next ten years.
It was rather widely felt that so diverse a group of specialists,
however talented, would not enjoy or discuss papers thought
to be outside the range of their own main interests. A decisive
factor in overcoming any inhibitions of this kind was the accept-
ance by Sir Harold Himsworth of the chairmanship of the whole
symposium. The youthful Ciba Foundation was singularly
honoured in this way by Sir Harold and by all the eminent
international scientists-seven of them Nobel Laureates-who
gathered in London for the three days and so co-operatively
joined in the give and take of facts, interpretations and specula-
tions about a diversity of medical research at the time of this
minor celebration at the Foundation.
The Foundation’s three Editors have joined in preparing this
fiftieth volume for publication. There can be no better moment
to record with happiness the partnership with Mr. J. and Mr. J. A.
Rivers of J..&A . Churchdl Ltd. for the ten years since this old
and honourable firm of medical publishers accepted at their own
risk the publication of the Foundation’s first volume.
vii
List of those participating in or attending the Symposium on
“Significant Trends in Medical Research”,
qth-26th June, 1959
.
LORDADRIAON.M, . . Master of Trinity College; Vice-ChanceMor of
the University of Cambridge
C.H. BEST. . . Professor of Physiology, Head of Department
and Director Banting and Best Dept. of
Medical Research, University of Toronto
. .
SIRR USSELBLR AIN Past-President of Royal College of Physicians;
Physician, London Hospital
. .
J. F. BROCK. , Professor of Medicine, University of Cape
Town
.
SIR LINDORB ROWN . Vice-president of the Royal Society; Professor
of Physiology, University College, London
. . .
L.BUGNARD Director, and Professor, Inst. National d’Hy-
gitne, Paris
SIRM ACPARLABNUER NETO,.M . Director, and Professor, Walter and Eliza Hall
Inst., Melbourne
Chairman, The Wellcome Trust, London;
formerly Director of the National Inst. for
Medical Research
. .
A.HADDOW Director, Chester Beatty Research Inst.,
London; Professor of Experimental Patho-
logy, University of London
SIR CHARLEHSA RINGTON Director, The National Inst. for Medical
Research, London
SIR HAROLHDIM SWORTH Secretary, Medical Research Council, London
.
SIRHANSKREBS , Professor of Biochemistry, University of
Oxford
. .
L. KREYBERG Professor of Pathology, University of Oslo
. .
R.F. LOEB , Bard Professor of Medikne, Columbia Uni-
versity, New York
.
F. C. MACINTOSH, Professor of Physiology, McGill University,
Montreal
. .
J.MCMCHAEL Professor of Medicine, Postgraduate Medical
School, London
xi
xii LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
. . .
P.B. MBDAWAR Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anat-
omy, University College, London
. . .
G. MORUZZI Professor of Physiology, University of Pisa
. . .
A.VONMURALT President, Swiss National Council of Research;
Professor of Physiology, University of Berne
v. v. . . .
PARIN Professor, Academician-Secretary, Academy of
Medical Sciences of the U.S.S.R.,M oscow
L.PAULING. . . . Professor of Chemistry, California Inst. of
Technology, Pasadena
. .
SIR GEORGPEI CKBRING Regius Professor of Medicine, University of
Oxford
. .
D.W.Rrc~ms. Lambert Professor of Medicine, Columbia
University, New York
. . .
G. SCHRAMM Professor, Max-Planck Inst. fur Virusforschung,
Tubingen
. . .
J.A. SHANNON Director, Dept. of Health, Education and
Welfare, National Insts. of Health, Bethesda
. . .
H.THBORELL Professor of Biochemistry, Nobel Medical Inst.,
Stockholm
. .
C. H. WADDINGTON Professor of Animal Genetics, University of
Edinburgh
.
J. WALDJWSTR~M Professor, Medical Clinic, Malmo Allmanna
sjukhuset, Malmo
. . .
A.Wsrrsm Director of Research, CIBA Limited, Basle
. . .
F.G.YOWG Professor of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge
CONTENTS
PAGE
Chairman's opening remarks
. . . . . . .
SIR HAROLHDI MSWORTH. I
Molecular structure in relation to biology and medicine
. . . . . . . . .
by L. PAULING. 3
Discussion: BEST, BUGNARDD, ALEH,A RINGTOPNA,U LINGT, HEORELL,
. . . . . . . . . . .
YOUNG I0
Fluorimetric studies on py.ridine.-nuc.leotid.ee nzy.me co.mple.xes . .
by H. THEORELL I8
Discussion: BRAINB, ROCKH, ARINGTONH, IMSWORTHK,R BBS,T HEORELL,
. . . . . . . .
WALDENSTRW~EMT, TSTBIN 36
Chemical basis of virus multiplication
. . . . . . .
by G. SCHRAMM 43
Discussion: BURNETM, EDAWAR, PAULINGs, m . 56
Popula~tion~ dySna~micMs of AbodCy cPellsA .~ ~. ~ E. B .~ ~.T 60
Discussion: BURNETD, ALEH,I M.SWO.R&TEH.Y,E ER.G, WA.WAR., PA.ULIN.G,
SCHRAMMW, ALDENSTR~M 70
Genetics and medicine
. . . . . .
by J. WALDENSTR~M 81
Discussion: BROCKB, UGNARBDU, RNETH,I MSWORTKHR, EBSM, cNIIc.H ABL.,
PAULINGSC, HRAMMTH, EORELWL, ADDINGTOWN,A LDENSTR~M 97
Ten years of general neurophysiology
. . . . . .
byA.voNMmT. I06
Discussion: BRAINB, ROWN,W LM,A CINTOSHM, ORUZZVIO, N MUXALT 127
The nature and mechanism of action of hormones
. . . . . . . . .
by F. G. YOUNG I35
.
Discussion: BEST,D ALEH, I~ISWORTTHHE, ORELLW, RTTST", YOUNG IS7
ix