Ciba Foundation Symposium - Circulatory and Respiratory Mass Transport

329 Pages·1969·8.668 MB·English

CIRCULATORY AND RESPl RATORY
MASS TRANSPORT
CI RC U LATO RY
AND RESPIRATORY
MASS TRANSPORT
A Ciba Foundation Symposium
Edited by
G. E. W. WOLSTENHOLME
and
JULIE KNIGHT
J. & A. CHURCHILL LTD.
104 GLOUCESTER PLACE
LONDON W. 1.
I969
First published 1969
Containing 101 illustrations
Standard Book Number 7000 1390 3
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This book is protected under the Berne Convention. It may not be reproduced by any
means, in whole or in part, without permission. Application with regard to reproduction
should be addressed to the publishers.
Printed in Great Britain
Contents
C. G. Car0 Chairman’s introduction I
Section I Mass transport in tissue spaces
A. C. Guyton Interstitial fluid pressure-volume relationships and their
regulation 4
Discussion Burton, Caro, Cumming, Davies, Floyer, Guyton, Philip,
Safrnan, West
20
J. R. Philip Theory flow and transport processes in pores and
of
porous media
25
Discussion Altshuler, Burton, Caro, Davies, Guyton, Mead, Muir, Philip,
Renkin, Safman 44
Section II Mass transport in blood vessels
E. M. Renkin Exchange of substances through capillary walls
50
Discussion Burton, Caro, Davies, Floyer, Renkin, Safman, Taylor
64
A. C. Burton The mechanics of the red cell in relation to its carrier
function
67
Discussion Burton, Caro, Farhl, Lighthill, Renkin, Taylor, West
81
M. J. Lighthill Motion in narrow capillaries from the standpoint of
Iu brication theory
85
Discusslon Altshuler, Burton, Caro, Cumming, Davies, Lighthill, Mason,
Mead, Philip, Renkin, Safman, Taylor, West
96
S. G. Mason The flow behaviour of particulate suspensions
I05
H. L. Goldsmith
Discussion Burton, Caro, Lighthill, Mason, Mead, Muir, Owen, Philip,
Safman, Taylor
I24
E. W. Merrill of human blood in glass and plastic fibres: A filmed
Flow
1. Meiselman study I30
H.
E. R. Gilliland
T. K. Sherwood
W. Salzman
E.
Discussion Burton, Caro, Cumming, Davies, Lighthill, Mason, Merrill,
Mead, Stuart, Owen 131
M. G. Taylor The optimum elastic properties of arteries
I36
Discussion Burton, Caro, Cumming, Lighthill, Philip, Schultz, Taylor I47
V
vi CONTENTS
C. G. Car0 Pressure-flow relations in small blood vessels I53
M. Sudlow
F.
T. H. Foley
A. Ur
Discussion Burton, Caro, Lassen, Renkin
I69
L. Schultz Velocity distribution and transition in the arterial
D.
Tunstall- system I72
D. S.
Pedoe
G. de 1. Lee
A. J. Gunning
B. J. Bellhouse
Discussion Brecher, Burton, Caro, Lassen, Lighthill, Mead, Philip, Saffrnan,
Schultz, Stuart, Taylor, West
I99
Section 111 Mass transport in the lung
J. Mead The distribution of gas flow in lungs 204
Discussion Burton, Caro, Curnrning, Farhi, Lighthill, Mead, Owen,
Philip, Stuart, West
210
B. Altshuler Behaviour airborne particles in the respiratory tract
of 21 5
Discussion Altshuler, Burton, Caro, Curnrning, Davies, Mason, Mead,
Muir, Owen, Philip, Safrnan 232
P. Owen Turbulent flow and particle deposition in the trachea
R. 236
Discussion Burton, Curnrning, Davies, Owen, Philip, Safrnan
253
J. B. West Pulmonary capillary flow, diffusion ventilation and gas
J. B. Glazier exchange
256
J. 8. Hughes
M.
1. E. Maloney
Discussion Burton, Caro, Curnrning, Mead, Renkln, Safrnan, Stuart,
West 272
L. E. Farhi Diffusive and convective movement of gas in the lung 277
Discussion Altshuler, Caro, Curnrning, Davies, Farhi, Lassen, Mead,
Owen, Philip, Piiper, Stuart, West
293
General discussion A mathematical treatment of dispersion in flow through
a branching tree
298
Altshuler, Curnrning, Philip, Safrnan
C. G. Car0 Chairmen’s closing remarks
302
M. J. Lighthill
Author Index
305
Subject Index
306
Membership
Symposium Circulatory and Respiratory Mass Transport, held
on
I6th-18th July,
1968
1
C. G. Car0 Department of Aeronautics, Physiological Flow Studies
Unit, Imperial College of Science and Technology,
Chairmen London
M. J. Lighthill Imperial College of Science and Technology, London
B. Altshuler Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York
University Medical Center, New York
G. A. Brecher Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma
Medical Center, Oklahoma City
A. C. Burton Department of Biophysics, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario
G. Cumming Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Birmingham
C. N. Davies London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
London
L. E. Farhi Department of Physiology, State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York
M. A. Floyer Medical Unit, The London Hospital, London
A. C. Guyton Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
A. Lassen Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital,
N.
Copenh agen
S. G. Mason Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal
J. Mead Department of Physiology, Harvard University School
of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
E. W. Merrill* Department Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts
of
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
D. C. F. Muir National Coal Board, Edinburgh
P. R. Owen Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College of Science
and Technology, London
J. R. Philip CSlRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra
J. Piiper Max-Planck lnstitut fiir Experimentelle Medizin,
Gottingen
* Contributed in absentia
vii
viii MEMBERSHIP
E. M. Renkin Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
P. G. Saffman Department of Fluid Mechanics, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California
D. L. Schultz Department of Engineering Science, University of
Oxford
1. T. Stuart Department of Mathematics, Imperial College of Science
and Technology, London
M. G. Taylor Department of Physiology, University of Sydney
J. West Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical
B.
School, London
The Ciba Foundation
The Ciba Foundation was opened in 1949 to promote
international cooperation in medical and chemical re-
search. It owes its existence to the generosity of CIBA
Ltd, Basle, who, recognizing the obstacles to scientific
communication created by war, man’s natural secretiveness, dis-
ciplinary divisions, academic prejudices, distance, and differences
of language, decided to set up a philanthropic institution whose
aim would be to overcome such barriers. London was chosen
as its site for reasons dictated by the special advantages of English
charitable trust law (ensuring the independence of its actions),
as well as those of language and geography.
The Foundation’s house at 41 Portland Place, London, has
become well known to workers in many fields of science. Every
year the Foundation organizes six to ten three-day symposia and
three to four shorter study groups, all of which are published in
book form. Many other scientific meetings are held, organized
either by the Foundation or by other groups in need of a meeting
place. Accommodation is also provided for scientists visiting
London, whether or not they are attending a meeting in the house.
The Foundation’s many activities are controlled by a small
group of distinguished trustees. Within the general framework
of biological science, interpreted in its broadest sense, these activities
are well summed up by the motto of the Ciba Foundation: Consocient
Gentes-let the peoples come together.
1* ix
Preface
THEi dea of a symposium on physiological flow processes was first suggested
to the Director of the Ciba Foundation by Dr. Colin Caro, Director of the
Physiological Flow Studies Unit at Imperial College, London, in February
1967. The interdisciplinary nature of the proposed meeting made it exactly the
type of project through which the Foundation feels that it can contribute to
biological and medical advance, and the suggestion was readily taken up. In
the following months the details of the symposium were worked out during
consultations between Mr. A. V. S. de Reuck for the Foundation, and Dr. Car0
and Professor James Lighthill of Imperial College.
The purpose of this symposium was that of the Physiological Flow Studies
Unit itself: to bring together physical scientists and physiologists concerned
with flow processes in the body in order to make possible a collaborative
approach to problems of physiological transport. The Foundation invited a
small group of specialists (finally numbering twenty-three members) which
nevertheless spanned a range of scientific disciplines that was probably wider
than at any of its previous symposia. The meeting was held in July 1968, and
this volume contains the formal papers and the discussions arising from them.
The editors are most grateful to the participants for their ready cooperation
which has made possible the early publication of the book; they would particu-
larly like to thank Dr. Car0 for his generous help and advice, which continued
long after the meeting itself.
Inevitably several intended participants were unable to come to the meeting;
among them we especially note Professor E. W. Merrill, of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, who nevertheless provided us with a research film
(and has contributed in absentia to this volume), and Professor G. I. Barenblatt
of the Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, who at the last
moment was unable to attend.
X
CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY MASS TRANSPORT
G. E. W. WOLSTENHOLME &JULIE KNIGHT
Copyright 0 1969 Ciba Foundation
CHAIRMAN’S INTRODUCTION
C. G. CARO
THISi s an interdisciplinary symposium on mass transport in the circulatory
and respiratory systems. We are naturally pleased to learn that it is the most
extensively .i nterdisciplinary symposium that the Ciba Foundation has
arranged. Further self-congratulation would however be inappropriate, be-
cause physical scientists have for centuries made contributions in physiology,
and collaboration between physical scientists and physiologists is in no sense
a phenomenon exclusive to this decade or century. But at the present time we
seem to be witnessing, quite apart from the general growth of science, col-
laboration on a scale previously unimaginable. We suspect that this process is
still in its infancy and that there is much more still to come from collaboration
between these groups of scientists.
We have an ambitious programme; that of covering more than is perhaps
normally tackled in a meeting of this kind. We are discussing problems in
three fields-the physiology of blood and blood vessels, the interstitial fluid
and spaces, and the respiratory system. The title of the symposium, “Mass
Transport”, indicates that we shall be considering the free and forced con-
vective motion of materials in these systems. This title seems to have caused
a little confusion. We gather that several applications were received to join the
symposium from people properly engaged in mass transport!
We shall be discussing the properties of physiological fluids and analysing
various flow processes, including the characteristics and influences of the
boundaries or media through which flow occurs. There was initially some
attempt to concentrate on passive as opposed to active phenomena, but we are
studying physiology and so, appropriately, there will be consideration both of
active and of passive processes.
To undertake these tasks there is an international representation of
physiologists and physical scientists. The physiologists may be particularly
interested in one or more fields, but all possess more than a little knowledge of
physical principles underlying their work. The physical scientists have in-
dependently, or in collaboration, worked on physiological problems. Never-
theless there may be difficulties in communication in a meeting of this sort.
We hope therefore that particular care will be taken to present ideas in terms
1