Ciba Foundation Symposium 179 - The Molecular Basis of Smell and Taste Transduction

300 Pages·10.915 MB·English

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF SMELL
AND TASTE TRANSDUCTION
,
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Ciba Foundation SvmDosium 179
THE MOLECULAR
BASIS OF SMELL
AND TASTE
TRANSDUCTION
A Wiley-lnterscience Publication
1993
JOHN WILEY & SONS
Chichester . New York . Brisbane . Toronto . Singapore
OCiba Foundation 1993
Published in 1993 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Baffins Lane, Chichester
West Sussex PO19 lUD, England
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Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium 179
ix+287 pages, 58 figures, 9 tables
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Molecular basis of smell and taste transduction / Derek Chadwick,
Joan Marsh, Jamie Goode, editors.
p. cm.-(Ciba Foundation symposium; 179)
Symposium on the Molecular Basis of Smell and Taste Transduction,
held at the Ciba Foundation, London, Feb. 1993.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-47 1-93946-3
1. Smell-Molecular aspects-Congresses. 2. Taste-Molecular
aspects-Congresses. 3. Cellular signal transduction-Congresses.
4. Second messengers (Biochemistry)-Congresses. 5. G proteins-
Congresses. I. Chadwick, Derek. 11. Marsh, Joan. 111. Goode,
Jamie. 1V. Symposium on the Molecular Basis of Smell and Taste
Transduction (1993 :London, Eng.) V. Series.
QP458.M63 1993
591.1 ' 826-dc20 93-28783
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 93946 3
Phototypeset by Dobbie Typesetting Limited, Tavistock, Devon
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford.
Contents
Symposium on the molecular basis of smell and taste transduction, held at
the Ciba Foundation, London 19-21 February 1993
Editors: Derek Chadwick, Joan Marsh (Organizers) and Jamie Goode
This symposium is based on a proposal made by Frank Margolis and
Tom Getchell
F. L. Margolis Introduction 1
F. L. Margolis, K. Kudrycki, C. Stein-Izsak, M. Grillo and R. Akeson
From genotype to olfactory neuron phenotype: the role of the
Olf-l-binding site 3
Discussion 20
T. V. Getchell, Z. Su and M. L. Getchell Mucous domains:
microchemical heterogeneity in the mucociliary complex of the olfactory
epithelium 27
Discussion 40
L. B. Buck Receptor diversity and spatial patterning in the mammalian
olfactory system 51
Discussion 64
M. M. Wang and R. R. Reed Molecular mechanisms of olfactory
neuronal gene regulation 68
Discussion 13
M. R. Lerner, M. N. Potenza, G. F. Graminski, T. McClintock,
C. K. Jayawickreme and S. Kame A new tool for investigating G
protein-coupled receptors 76
Discussion 84
General discussion I 88
H. Breer Second messenger signalling in olfaction 97
Discussion 109
V
vi Contents
S. Firestein and F. Zufall Membrane currents and mechanisms of
olfactory transduction 115
Discussion 126
D. Lancet, N. Ben-Arie, S. Cohen, U. Gat, R. Gross-Isseroff, S. Horn-Saban,
M. Khen, H. Lehrach, M. Natochin, M. North, E. Seidemann and N. Walker
Olfactory receptors: transduction, diversity, human psychophysics and
genome analysis 131
Discussion 14 1
General Discussion I1 147
J. Carlson Molecular genetics of Drosophila olfaction 150
Discussion 162
H. Schmale, C. Ahlers, M. Blaker, K. Kock and A. I. Spielman
Perireceptor events in taste 167
Discussion 180
S. K. McLaughlin, P. J. McKinnon, A. Robichon, N. Spickofsky and
R. F. Margolskee Gustducin and transducin: a tale of two G proteins 186
Discussion 196
S. C. Kinnamon Role of apical ion channels in sour taste transduction 201
Discussion 2 10
J. A. DeSimone, Q. Ye and G. E. Heck Ion pathways in the taste bud
and their significance for transduction 218
Discussion 229
P. Sengupta, H. A. Colbert, B. E. Kimmel, N. Dwyer and C. I. Bargmann
The cellular and genetic basis of olfactory responses in Caenorhabditis
e[egans 235
Discussion 244
L. M. Bartoshuk Genetic and pathological taste variation: what can we
learn from animal models and human disease? 251
Discussion 262
General discussion 111 268
F. L. Margolis Summing-up 274
Index of contributors 277
Subject index 279
Participants
B. W. Ache University of Florida, Whitney Laboratory, 9505 Ocean
Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32086, USA
C. I. Bargmann Program in Developmental Biology, University of
California, Medical School, 5 13 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA
94143-0452, USA
L. M. Bartoshuk Department of Surgery, Yale University School
of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208041, New Haven,
CT 06520-8041, USA
H. Breer Institut fur Zoophysiologie, Universitat Hohenheim (230),
Postfach 70 05 62, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany
L. Buck Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220
Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 021 15, USA
J. Caprio Department of Zoology and Physiology, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
J. Carlson Department of Biology, Yale University, Kline Biology Tower,
PO Box 6666, New Haven, CT 0651 1-81 12, USA
J. A. DeSimone Department of Physiology, Box 55 1, Medical College of
Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
23298-0551, USA
E. E. Fesenko Institute of Cell Biophysics, Academy of Sciences, 142292
Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
S. Firestein Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School
of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208041, New Haven,
CT 06520-8041, USA
T. V. Getchell Chandler Medical Centre, University of Kentucky, College
of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
vii
viii Participants
H. Hatt Physiologisches Institut, Technische Universitat Miinchen,
Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-8000 Miinchen 40, Germany
P. M. Hwang (Bursar) Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins
University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
21205, USA
S. C. Kinnamon Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
T. Kurahashi Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA
D. Lancet Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, The
Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
M. Lerner Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of
Medicine, BCMM 254, PO Box 9812, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
B. Lindemann Physiologisches Institut, Universitat des Saarlandes,
D-6650 Homburg, Germany
1. Lush Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College
London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NWl 2HE, UK
F. L. Margolis (Chairman) Laboratory of Chemosensory Neurobiology,
Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 071 10-11 99, USA
R. F. Margolskee Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research
Center, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 071 10-1 199, USA
P. Pelosi Istituto di Industrie Agrarie, Universita di Pisa, Via S Michele
degli Scalzi 4, 1-56100 Pisa, Italy
R. R. Reed Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns
Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
G. V. Ronnett Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
H. Schmale Institut fur Zellbiochemie und klinische Neurobiologie,
Universitat Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
Participants iX
0. Siddiqi Molecular Biology Unit, Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Bombay 400 005, India
J. H. Teeter Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA
J. Van Houten Department of Zoology, Marsh Life Science Building,
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0086, USA
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by Derek Chadwick, Joan Marsh, Jamie Goode
Copyright 0 1993 by Ciba Foundation
lntroduc tion
Frank L. Margolis
Laboratory of Chemosensory Neurobiology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 071 10-1 199, USA
I would like to start by reviewing the origins of this symposium and indicating
some of the broad questions that we hope to answer. Two years ago I was in
this room as a discussant at a meeting that was held on the regeneration of
sensory cells. The one thing, apart from the science, that I came away with at
the end of the meeting was the realization that it was essential that I find some
way to come back! After discussions with my friend and collaborator, Tom
Getchell, we decided to try and put together an equivalent meeting on the
chemical senses, to create a period of intense interaction that would serve as
an opportunity to identify the state of the field and the next set of questions
to be addressed. So we drafted a proposal which we presented to the Ciba
Foundation, resulting in this meeting.
This is actually the second Ciba Foundation symposium on the chemical
senses. The first, held nearly a quarter of a century ago in 1969, was called
Taste and Smell in Vertebrates (Ciba Foundation 1970). I would like to quote
from Professor Otto Lowenstein’s introduction, where he said ‘we have now
arrived at the point where what are sometimes considered to be the Cinderellas
of the senses, taste and smell, are to be discussed. You may know only too well
how anyone teaching sensory physiology usually enjoys himself until he comes
to taste and smell, and then he tends to run out of teachable material. But I
have a feeling that we are nearing a breakthrough in this field, and therefore
it is very timely that we have this symposium now.’
Finally, nearly 25 years later, we have reached the point where we are seeing
the breakthrough predicted by Professor Lowenstein in 1969. Over the last few
years, the contemporary techniques of molecular biology and patch-clamp
recording have led to major advances. Consequently, we now know a great deal
about the mechanisms, molecules and interactions involved in chemosensory
transduction. As this meeting proceeds over the next few days, I think we will
see how true this is.
I want to state what I believe the questions are that we are going to try to
answer or, at least, discuss in this symposium. One of the things that became
apparent to me in rereading the proposal that Tom Getchell and I had written
was that several of the issues we raised as open questions two years ago have
already been at least partly answered. Nevertheless, there are several questions
that I hope we will address over the next few days:
1