Ciba Foundation Symposium 137 - Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

278 Pages·9.333 MB·English

APPLICATIONS OF
PLANT CELL AND
TISSUE CULTURE
The Ciba Foundation is an international scientific and educational
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137
Ciba Foundation Symposium
APPLICATIONS OF
PLANT CELL AND
TISSUE CULTURE
-
A Wiley lnterscience Publication
1988
JOHN WILEY & SONS
Chichester . New York . Brisbane . Toronto . Singapore
0C iba Foundation 1988
Published in 1988 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane,
Chichester, Sussex PO19 IUD, UK.
Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium 137
+
x 269 pages, 33 figures, 16 tables
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Applications of plant cell and tissue culture.
p. cm. - (Ciba Foundation symposium ; 137)
“A Wiley-interscience publication.”
Includes indexes.
ISBN 0 471 91886 5
1. Plant propagation - In vitro - Congresses. 2. Plant
biotechnology - Congresses. 3. Plant cell culture - Congresses.
4. Plant tissue culture - Congresses. I. Series.
SB123.6.A67 1988
631.5‘23-dc 19 88- 10687
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Applications of plant and cell tissue culture.
- (Ciba Foundation symposium ; 137).
1. Plants. Cells & tissues. Cultures
I. Series
581 ’.0724
ISBN 0 471 91886 5
Typeset by Inforum Ltd, Portsmouth
Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Bath Press Ltd., Bath, Avon
Contents
Symposium on Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, held at the Kyoto
International Conference Centre, Kyoto, Japan, 2&22 October 1987
Editors: Gregory Bock (Organizer) and Joan Marsh
Introduction 1
R.S. Chaleff Herbicide-resistant plants from cultured cells 3
Discussion 11
W.R. Scowcroft and P.J. Larkin Somoclonal variation 21
Discussion 26
D. J. Durzan Applications of cell and tissue culture in tree improvement
36
Discussion 49
H. Harada, M. Kyo and J. Imamura The induction of embryogenesis in
Nicotiana immature pollen in culture 59
Discussion 69
E.C. Cocking Producing fertile somatic hybrids 75
Discussion 83
A. Komamine and K. Nomura Application of microinjection to a high
frequency and synchronous somatic embryogenesis system in carrot
suspension cultures 90
Discussion 92
E. Galun, A. Per1 and D. Aviv Protoplast fusion-mediated transfer of male
sterility and other plasmone-controlled traits 97
Discussion 107
A. Hirai, S. Akada and S. Sugiura Analysis of chloroplast genomes in
parasexual hybrid calli 113
Discussion 118
V
vi Contents
T.C. Hall and R.T. DeRose Transformation of plant cells 123
Discussion 138
I. Potrykus Direct gene transfer to plants 144
Discussion 15 1
L.A. Withers Germplasm preservation 163
Discussion 172
W. Barz, S. Daniel, W. Hinderer, U. Jaques, H. Kessmann, J. Koster, C. Otto
and K. Tiemann Elicitation and metabolism of phytoalexins in plant cell
cultures 178
Discussion 191
Y. Yamada and T. Hashimoto Biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids 199
Discussion 208
M.H. Zenk, M. Ruffer, T.M. Kutchan and E. Galneder Biotechnological
approaches to the production of isoquinoline alkaloids 213
Discussion 224
Y. Fujita Industrial production of shikonin and berberine 228
Discussion 234
M.W. Fowler Problems in commercial exploitation of plant cell cultures
239
Discussion 250
General discussion 254
Index of contributors 259
Subject index 261
Participants
Professor Dr W. Barz Lehrstuhl fur Biochemie der Pflanzen, Westfalische
Wilhelms-Universitat, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-4400 Munster, Federal
Republic of Germany
Dr R.S. Chaleff American Cyanamid Co, PO Box 400, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540, USA
Professor E.C. Cocking Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of
Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG72RD, UK
Professor J. Durzan Department of Environmental Horticulture, College of
Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experimental Station,
Davis, California 95616, USA
Professor M.W. Fowler Wolfson Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Dr Y. Fujita Bioscience Research Laboratories, Mitsui Petrochemical
Industries Ltd, 6-1-2 Waki-cho, Kuga-Gun, Yamaguchi-Ken 740, Japan
Professor Esra Galun Department of Plant Genetics, The Weizmann
Institute of Science, PO Box26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Professor T.C. Hall Department of Biology, Texas A & M University,
College Station, Texas 77843-3258, USA
Professor H. Harada Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Sakura-Mura, Nihari-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken 305, Japan
Dr C.T. Harms Biotechnology Research, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation,
PO Box 12257, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2257, USA
Dr A. Hirai Graduate Division of Biochemical Regulation, Faculty of
Agriculture, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464, Japan
vii
viii Participants
Professor A. Komamine Department of Plant Physiology, Biological
Institute, Tohoku University, Aoba-Yama, Sendai 980, Japan
Mrs M.V. Mhatre (Ciba Foundation Bursar) Plant Biotechnology Section,
Bio-organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay,
Bombay 400085, India
Dr K. Ohyama Research Center for Cell &Tissue Culture, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
Professor Dr I. Potrykus Institut fur Pflanzenwissenschaften, Eidgenossische
Technische Hochschule Zentrum LFV-E20, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Dr M. J.C. Rhodes Plant Cell Biotechnology Group, AFRC Institute of Food
Research, Norwich Laboratory, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
Sir Ralph Riley 16 Gog Magog Way, Stapleford, Cambridge CB2 5BQ, UK
Dr W.R. Scowcroft Vice President, Research and Development, Biotechnica
Canada Inc, 170 6815-8 Street NE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 7H7
Professor M. Sugiura Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University,
Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464, Japan
Professor M. Tabata Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
Professor I. Takebe Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya
University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464, Japan
Dr H. Uchimiya Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Sakura-Mara, Ibaraki-Ken 305, Japan
Professor M. van Montagu Laboratorium Genetika, Rijksuniversiteit
Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Dr L.A. Withers* Department of Agriculture & Horticulture, University of
Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington,
Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
* Present address: IBPGR Headquarters, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
Participants ix
Professor Y. Yamada (Chairman) Research Center for Cell & Tissue
Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606, Japan
Professor M.H. Zenk Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat
Munchen, Karlstrasse 29, D-8000 Munchen 2, Federal Republic of
Germany
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by Gregory Bock, Joan Mash
Copyright 0 1988 by Ciba Foundation
Introduction
People have used plants as sources of materials other than nutrients for almost
as long as they have been eating the plants themselves. The use of plant-derived
medicines, poisons and narcotics is still common in many cultures, and herbal
medicines in particular are becoming increasingly popular in the Western
world. Against this, there is the continuing desire within our scientifically
oriented society to improve on the achievements of Nature. In agriculture, this
was most obvious in the development of synthetic herbicides and pesticides,
and the extensive application of artificial fertilizers to produce ever greater
yields. These farming methods were complemented by breeding programmes,
initiated when the first plant species were chosen for deliberate cultivation, and
now designed to select plants with increased yield potential.
The ability of ‘weeds and pests’ to develop resistance to man-made products,
particularly when they were applied in large amounts and were extremely
stable so that they persisted in the environment, and concern over their safety
when incorporated into human and animal food chains, made these procedures
less desirable, on both social and economic grounds. The emphasis in science
turned to finding natural means of resistance and transferring these to commer-
cially important crops. Similarly, the ability of certain plants, the legumes, in
association with rhizobacteria, to fix their own nitrogen, thereby circumventing
the need for the major exogenous fertilizer, encouraged the hope that this trait
could be introduced into other crop species. The time scale of conventional
plant breeding programmes is slow and genetic engineering of plant cells
seemed to be the ideal way of introducing specific desirable characteristics into
the relevant plant. However, this approach encountered two major problems.
Isolation of the desired gene was hindered by the fact that the biochemical or
genetic basis of the phenotype was unknown, so that the time required for
screening procedures was determined by the generation time of the plant. In
addition, manipulation of plant genotypes by the techniques of molecular
biology proved to be much more difficult than similar work on animal cells.
This was partially due to the presence of the outer plant cell wall, a barrier
which scientists had to overcome when trying to introduce genetic material into
a plant cell. The fact that some traits were encoded by the organellar genomes
made genetic analysis more complicated.
Plant cell biology has now reached a stage when most, if not all, of these
problems can be resolved. Much of this progress is due to the development of
both cell and tissue culture technologies. Regeneration of whole plants from
single cells has been possible since the 1930s but for a long time it was restricted
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