Ciba Foundation Symposium 128 - Novel Diarrhoea Viruses

280 Pages·9.962 MB·English

NOVEL
DIARRHOEA
VIRUSES
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Ciba Foundation Syrnposiurri 128
NOVEL
DIARRHOEA
VIRUSES
A Wiley - lnterscience Publication
1987
JOHN WlLEY 8, SONS
Chichester . New York . Brisbane . Toronto . Singapore
0C iba Foundation 1987
Published in 1987 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK
Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium 128
VIII + 272 pages, 58 figures. 22 tables
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Novel diarrhoea viruses. - (CIBA Foundation
symposium ; 128)
1. Diarrhea in animals 2. Veterinary
virology
I. Series
591.2'34 SF809.D5
ISBN 0 471 91094 5
Printed and bound in Great Britain
Contents
Symposium on Novel Diarrhoea Viruses, held at the Ciba Foundation, London,
15-17 July 1986
The subject of this symposium was proposed by Dr T.H . Flewett
Editors: Gregory Bock (Organizer) (2nd Julie Whelan
R. F. Bishop Introduction 1
J. C. Bridger Novel rotaviruses in animals and man 5
Discussion 15
M. A. McCrae Nucleic acid-based a.nalyses of non-group A rotaviruses 24
Discussion 37
T. Hung, G. M. Chen, C. A. Wang, K. Fan, R. Yong, J. Chang, R. Dan and
M. H. Ng Seroepidemiology and molecular epidemiology of the Chinese
rotavirus 49
Discussion 54
G. Wadell, A. Allard, M. Johansson, L. Svensson and I. Uhnoo Enteric
adenoviruses 63
Discussion 84
J. B. Kurtz and T. W. Lee Astroviruses: human and animal 92
Discussion 102
H. Appleton Small round viruses: classification and role in food-borne
infections 108
Discussion 120
W. D. Cubitt The candidate caliciviruses 126
Discussion 138
N. R. Blacklow, J. E. Herrmann and W. D. Cubitt Immunobiology of
Norwalk virus 144
Discussion 153
vi Contents
M. C. Horzinek, M. Weiss and J. Ederveen Toroviridae: a proposed new
family of enveloped RNA viruses 162
Discussion 171
G. N. Woode Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and
epidemiology 175
Discussion 183
G. A. Hall Comparative pathology of infection by novel diarrhoea viruses
192
Discussion 207
T. Vesikari, E. Isolauri, T. Ruuska and T. Rautanen Clinical trials of
rotavirus vaccines 218
Discussion 23 1
T. H. Flewett, G. M. Beards, D. W. G. Brown and R. C. Saunders The
diagnostic gap in diarrhoea1 aetiology 238
Discussion 245
Final general discussion Criteria for non-group A rotaviruses 250
Enteric adenoviruses 251
Small round viruses 252
Human coronaviruses 252
Comparative pathology of diarrhoea1
infections 255
Vaccination against rotavirus diarrhoea 256
R. F. Bishop Chairman’s closing remarks 261
Index of contributors 264
Subject index 266
Participants
H. Appleton Virus Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory,
61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
R. F. Bishop (Chairman) Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children’s
Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
N. R. Blacklow Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
01605, USA
F. J. Bourne Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol,
Langford House, Langford, Bristol, Avon BS18 7DU, UK
J. C. Bridger AFRC Institute for .Animal Disease Research, Compton,
Nr Newbury, Berkshire RG16 ONN, UK
E. 0. Caul Public Health Laboratory, Myrtle Road, Kingsdown, Bristol,
Avon BS2 8EL, UK
S. Chiba Department of Paediatrics, Sapporo Medical College, S1, W.17,
Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan
W. D. Cubitt Public Health Laboratory & Department of Microbiology,
Central Middlesex Hospital, Park Royal, London NWlO 7NS, UK
T. H. Flewett Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital,
Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5ST, UK
H. B. Greenberg Division of Gastroenterology - S069, Department of
Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Medical Center,
Stanford, California 94305, USA
G. A. Hall AFRC Institute for Animal Disease Research. Compton, Nr
Newbury, Berkshire RG16 ONN, UK
I. H. Holmes Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
vii
viii Participants
M. C. Horzinek Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Virology, State University of
Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
Hung Tao Department of Virus Morphology and Viral Diarrhoea, Institute
of Virology, Chinese National Academy of Preventive Medicine, 100 Ying
Xing Jie, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing 100052, People’s Republic of China
A. Z. Kapikian Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bldg 7, Room 103,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA
J. B. Kurtz Department of Virology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington,
Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
M. A. McCrae Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick,
Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
M. S. McNulty Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast
BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
M. M. Mathan Wellcome Research Unit , Christian Medical College
Hospital, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
L. J. Saif Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of
Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research &
Development Center/Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
D. R. Snodgrass Animal Diseases Research Association, Moredun Research
Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH, UK
L. Svensson (Ciba Foundation Bursar) Department of Virology, The
National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21, Stockholm, Sweden
T. Vesikari Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Tampere,
Teiskontie 35, SF-33520 Tampere, Finland
G. Wadell Department of Virology, Ume5 University, S-901 85 Ume5,
Sweden
G. N. Woode Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas 77843-4467, USA
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by Gregory Bock, Julie Whelm
Copyright 0 1987 by Ciba Foundation
Introduction
Ruth Bishop
Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road,
Parkville, Melbourne, victoria 3052, Australia
1987 Novel diarrhoea viruses. Wiley. Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 128)
p. 1-4
The symposium on ‘Acute Diarrhoea in Childhood’, held in 1975 here at the
Ciba Foundation, heralded a renewal of interest in the aetiology and pathophy-
siology of acute diarrhoea, particularly in humans, which until early in the
1970s had been a rather neglected disease syndrome. There were several
reasons for the renewed interest. Firstly, there was a slowly growing apprecia-
tion in developed countries of the overwhelming problem posed by acute
diarrhoea in developing countries; that there was a high morbidity, and an
unnecessarily high mortality, in young children, with many millions dying each
year in the acute stage of the disease. The survivors, as the result of repeated
enteric infection, frequently failed to thrive and progressed to malnutrition and
eventual death.
Secondly, there had been rapid advances in the study of aetiology, with the
hope that further advances lay ahead. New viruses had been identified by a
relatively simple technique using the electron microscope; and new pathogene-
tic mechanisms, such as the production of toxins by enteric bacteria, had begun
to be investigated. The realization that a technique as simple as examination of
diarrhoeal faeces by electron microscopy could identify viral pathogens revolu-
tionized the diagnosis of viral diarrhoeal disease. Virologists working on hu-
man disease were able to draw on considerable knowledge already available to
veterinarians.
Thirdly, developing countries had themselves begun to realize the extent of
their problems and to want to do something about them. The World Health
Organization, with its expressed goal of ‘health for all by the year 2000’, began
to put a major effort into decreasing the morbidity and mortality of children in
the developing countries. Primary health care networks were set up by de-
veloping countries to educate mothers in recognizing the dangers of diarrhoea
and to establish oral rehydration therapy in the home to reduce the mortality in
young children. Overall, in both developing and developed countries, there
was a shared realization of the size of the problem and of solutions in terms both
of aetiology and of therapy. This concurrence of events galvanized laboratory
1
2 Bishop
scientists into taking an interest in the problems of acute diarrhoea in veterin-
ary and in human medicine.
Since 1975 there have been rapid developments in diagnostic techniques
(based on enzyme immunoassays), and in protein chemistry, molecular biology
and immunology. All have been brought into the overall thrust to solve
problems related to acute diarrhoea. There has been an understanding on the
part of people working in human medicine of all that veterinary science has to
offer, and much fruitful collaboration has been established between veterinary
and medical microbiologists. Thus, since 1975, we have attempted to do what
Jon Rohde and Rob Northrup then urged us to do, which was to take science
‘where the diarrhoea is’ (Rohde & Northrup 1976).
In the 1975 symposium the emphasis as far as viruses were concerned was on
Norwalk agent and on rotavirus. We mentioned adenoviruses briefly: Tom
Flewett pointed out that they were often shed in large numbers in faeces from
diarrhoeal children, and that they had the puzzling characteristic of being
difficult to grow; but that was as far as our appreciation of the role of adenovir-
uses went. Astroviruses had already been named, and small round viruses had
been described, but there was caution about their relation to diarrhoeal dis-
eases. (There was even the suggestion that, on morphological grounds, many of
them could be phages derived from bacterial or yeast gut infections and bore no
relation to diarrhoeal disease.)
Coronaviruses were thought to be a possible new pathogen in human medi-
cine. TGE virus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) was being used as a model
of physiological changes, by infecting piglets and studying the electrolyte and
fluid fluxes resulting from infection of the pig gut. But it seems that the early
promise held out by the study of coronaviruses has been either unfulfilled or
held in a state of suspended animation.
The present symposium is a timely one. It is deliberately restricted to the
so-called ‘novel’ diarrhoea viruses and will not be concerned to any great extent
with what have become the ‘classical’r otaviruses-the group A rotaviruses that
were a major topic in the earlier symposium. We shall discuss what are
collectively called the ‘novel rotaviruses’ (non-group A) that have emerged as
important causes of diarrhoea in both human and animal medicine since 1975;
then the enteric adenoviruses; the small round viruses; and the new group of
Berne and Breda viruses, suggested as a new family, the Toroviridae.
The novel rotaviruses were recognized almost simultaneously in animals and
in humans, although publication of the observations was delayed. Particles,
morphologically identical with the classical rotaviruses, had been seen in
animals and humans with acute diarrhoea; however, these rotaviruses would
not react in serological tests. It became apparent that they were rotaviruses, but
serologically distinct ones; they were characterized by failure to react with
group (A) antiserum; they had the further useful characteristic of having
genomic patterns markedly different from those of the ‘classical’, group A