Ciba Foundation Symposium 104 - Photoperiodic Regulation of Insect and Molluscan Hormones

305 Pages·1984·3.3 MB·English

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Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones
Pho toperiodic
regulation of insect
and molluscan
hormones
Ciba Foundation symposium 104
1984
Pitman
London
0 Ciba Foundation 1984
ISBN 0 272 79751 0
Published in April 1984 by Pitman Publishing Ltd, 128 Long Acre, London WC2E 9AN, UK
Distributed in North America by CIBA Pharmaceutical Company (Medical Education Division),
P.O. Box 12832, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation symposia
Ciba Foundation symposium 104
+
viii 298 pages, 77 figures, 4 tables
British Library Cataloguing in publication data:
Photoperiodic regulation of insect and
molluscan hormones.-(CIBA Foundation
symposium; no. 104)
1. Photoperiodism 2. Insects-Physiology
I. Porter, Ruth 11. Collins, Geralyn M.
111. Series
595.7'019153 QL495
Printed in Great Britain at The Pitman Press, Bath
Contents
Symposium on Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones,
held at the Ciba Foundation, London, 12-14 July 1983
Editors: Ruth Porter (Organizer) and Geralyn M. Collins
W. MORDUE Chairman’s opening remarks 1
D. S. SAUNDERS Introduction: the links between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’
physiology 2
S. MASAKI Unity and diversity in insect photoperiodism 7
Discussion 19
C. S. PITTENDRIGH, J. ELLIOTT and T. TAKAMURA The circadian
component in photoperiodic induction 26
Discussion 41
A. VEERMAN and M. VAZ NUNES Photoperiod reception in spider
mites: photoreceptor, clock and counter 48
Discussion 59
D. S. SAUNDERS and H. BRADLEY Long-night summation and pro-
gramming of pupal diapause in the flesh-fly, Sarcophaga argyrostoma 65
Discussion 84
GENERAL DISCUSSION Effect of temperature on the photoperiodic
clock in Megoura viciae 90, Long- and short-day effects on diapause
induction in Pyrrhocoris apterus 91
P. LANKINEN and J. LUMME Genetic analysis of geographical variation
in photoperiodic diapause and pupal eclosion rhythm in Drosophila
littoralis 97 .
Discussion 109
T. L. PAGE Neuronal organization of a circadian clock in the cockroach
Leucophaea maderae 115
Discussion 131
V
vi CONTENTS
H. ISHIZAKI, A. MIZOGUCHI and M. FUJISHITA Circadian-clock
control of hormone secretion in Samia Cynthia ricini 136
Discussion 145
C. G. H. STEEL and E. J. AMPLEFORD Circadian control of
haemolymph ecdysteroid titres and the ecdysis rhythm in Rhodnius
prolixus 150
Discussion 163
B. ROBERTS Photoperiodic regulation of prothoracicotropic hormone
release in late larval, prepupal and pupal stages of Sarcophaga
bullata 170
Discussion 182
P. G. SOKOLOVE, E. J. McCRONE, J. VAN MINNEN and W. C.
DUNCAN Reproductive endocrinology and photoperiodism in a terres-
trial slug 189
Discussion 199
J. JOOSSE Photoperiodicity, rhythmicity and endocrinology of reproduc-
tion in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis 204
Discussion 217
J. W. TRUMAN Physiological aspects of the two oscillators that regulate
the timing of eclosion in moths 221
Discussion 232
J. HARDIE A hormonal basis for the photoperiodic control of polymorph-
ism in aphids 240
Discussion 253
G. M. CHIPPENDALE Environmental signals, the neuroendocrine sys-
tem, and the regulation of larval diapause in the southwestern corn borer,
Diatraea grandiosella 259
Discussion 270
CONCLUDING GENERAL DISCUSSION Models, hormone titres and
clocks 277, Concluding comments 280
Index of contributors 287
Subject index 288
Participants
M. F. BOWEN Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Wilson Hall 046A, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
H. BRADLEY Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of
Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
J. BRADY Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College at
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
G. M. CHIPPENDALE Department of Entomology, 1-87 Agriculture
Building, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211,
USA
D. L. DENLINGER Department of Entomology, The Ohio State Uni-
versity, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
H-J. FERENZ Fachbereich Biologie (7), University of Oldenburg, Post-
fach 25 03, D-2900 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
J. M. GIEBULTOWICZ Department of Zoology, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
L. I. GILBERT Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Wilson Hall 046A, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514,
USA
G. J. GOLDSWORTHY Department of Zoology, University of Hull, Hull
HU6 7RX, UK
J. HARDIE ARC Insect Physiology Group, Department of Pure and
Applied Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5
7PY, UK
M. HODKOVA Institute of Entomology, Czechoslovak Academy of
Science, Vinicna 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechoslovakia
vii
...
Vlll PARTICIPANTS
H. ISHIZAKI Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University,
Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
J. JOOSSE Biological Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
PO Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
P. LANKINEN Department of Genetics, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa,
SF 90570, Oulu 57, Finland
A. D. LEES Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College at
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
S. MASAKI Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hirosaki
University, Hirosaki 036, Aomori, Japan
W. MORDUE (Chairman) Department of Zoology, University of Aber-
deen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN, UK
T. L. PAGE Department of General Biology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
C. S. PITTENDRIGH Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University,
Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA
S. E. REYNOLDS School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
B. ROBERTS Department of Zoology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic-
toria 3168. Australia
D. S. SAUNDERS Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh,
West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
P. G. SOKOLOVE Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), 5401 Wilkens Avenue, Catonsville,
Maryland 21228, USA
C. G. H. STEEL Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele
Street, Downsview, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
J. W. TRUMAN Department of Zoology, NJ-15, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
A. VEERMAN Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, University of
Amsterdam, Kruislaan 302, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones
Ruth Porrer and Gerdyn M. Collins
0 Ciba Foundation 1984
Chairman’s introduction
WILLIAM MORDUE
Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2 TN, UK
1984 Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones. Pitman, London (Ciba Founda-
tion symposium 104), p I
The participants at this symposium are an intriguing mix of people, with similar
research problems which are being approached in very different ways. The idea
behind this meeting, suggested initially by David Saunders, was to bring
together people working on insect or molluscan photoperiodic clocks and on
hormones to see if we could find any common ground. Several people here
work in both areas, but most of us are at one or other end of the spectrum. I
hope that we can find some common points of synthesis as we hear about work
on circadian and photoperiodic rhythms in insects, arachnids (mites) and
molluscs. Perhaps we can in the next few days become even closer in our
understanding of the interface between perception of environmental cues, in
this case photoperiodic changes, and the initiation or the inhibition of an
endocrine-controlled event. The transduction mechanism between perception
of the stimuli and a change in an endocrine-controlled event is, for me, a
particular fascination. For most of the organisms that we shall be considering,
the only real manifestation that we have available to indicate that the animal
has perceived a photoperiodic response is some developmental or physiological
event that we can monitor.
My own work tends to be on neurosecretions but I shall try to set an example,
as a good chairman should, of not being preoccupied only with my own
particular interests, so that we can hope to see some gelling together of the two
major aspects of this symposium.
1
Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones
Ruth Porrer and Gerdyn M. Collins
0 Ciba Foundation 1984
Introduction: the links between ‘wet’ and
‘dry’ physiology
DAVID S. SAUNDERS
Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 ZJT, UK
1984 Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones. Pitman, London (Ciba
Foundation symposium 104), p 2 6
By way of introduction I should first say something about our varied
definitions of the words ‘photoperiodism’ and ‘photoperiodic’. In this sympo-
sium we shall be dealing with photoperiodism in its widest possible sense, to
include rhythmic and clock-like phenomena that are entrained or regulated
by the daily light cycle, as well as photoperiodism in its strictest sense-as a
seasonal phenomenon regulating annual cycles of reproduction, polymorph-
ism, etc. If we kept strictly to this latter aspect, we would have to exclude
circadian phenomena. But, as we shall see, some theories about photo-
periodic time-measurement are based on circadian rhythmicity, and if we are
to understand anything about the wiring patterns of the ‘clock’ in the insect or
molluscan brain, this wider treatment is essential.
Fig. 1 shows the essence of the problem of photoperiodism, as depicted
in A. S. Danilevskii’s book (1965) on seasonal development in insects. This
figure shows the changes in photoperiod with the months of the year, at
different latitudes. The seasonal changes in photoperiod proceed with mathe-
matical accuracy, and thus provide very good (‘noise-free’) time cues that
both plants and animals can use to govern their seasonal activity. For
example, in London at a latitude of 50°N, the photoperiod in the depth of
winter is about 8 h. At the equinox the photoperiod is, not surprisingly, 12 h
of dark and 12 h of light at all latitudes. At the height of summer in London
we have about 16 h of light, but a biologically effective photoperiod of 17.5 to
18 h if the twilight ‘zones’ are included. Some people at this symposium are
from Chapel Hill, North Carolina (35 ON), where day-lengths show an annual
range from about 10 to 14.5 h; another participant (Pekka Lankinen) works
within the Arctic circle (65 ON) where days range from 4 h in the winter to
continuous illumination in midsummer. Organisms have evolved a wide
variety of responses to such differences, here the most important being a
longer critical day-length at higher latitudes.
2