Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II

224 Pages·2008·2.224 MB·English

by  Auriol Weigold

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Routledge Studies in Modern History
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g 1. Violence and Crime in
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A Nineteenth-Century England
5 The Shadow of our Refi nement
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and North America Since 1800

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T 5. Churchill, Roosevelt and India
E Propaganda During World War II
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B Auriol Weigold
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New York London
First published 2008
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
2 Simultaneously published in the UK
1 by Routledge
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2 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
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g Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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5 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
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9 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
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: collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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t © 2008 Taylor & Francis
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e All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
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m in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf-
a ter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
gr retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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P Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-
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marks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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e Weigold, Auriol.
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t Churchill, Roosevelt, and India : propaganda during World War II / by Auriol Weigold.
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e p. cm. — (Routledge studies in modern history ; 5)
C
T Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-415-99002-8 (hbk.)
E
N ISBN-10: 0-415-99002-5 (hbk.)
B ISBN-13: 978-0-203-89450-7 (e-book)
LI ISBN-10: 0-203-89450-2 (e-book)
F 1. United States—Foreign relations—Great Britain. 2. Great Britain—Foreign
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relations—United States. 3. Propaganda, British—United States—History—20th
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y [ century. 4. India—History—Autonomy and independence movements. 5. Great
b Britain--Foreign relations—India. 6. India—Foreign relations—Great Britain.
d 7. Cripps, Richard Stafford, Sir, 1889–1952. 8. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin
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d Delano), 1882–1945. 9. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965. 10. World War,
oa 1939–1945—Diplomatic history. I. Title.
nl E183.8.G7W45 2008
w 327.73041—dc22
o
D 2008000556
ISBN 0-203-89450-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 10: 0-415-99002-5 (hbk)
ISBN 10: 0-203-89450-2 (ebk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-99002-8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-203-89450-7 (ebk)
Contents
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1 List of Abbreviations vii
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8 Foreword ix
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t Preface xi
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Introduction 1
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g 1 Churchill, Roosevelt, and India: The Genesis of
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Pr the Propaganda Game 9
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I 2 America’s Interest in India: The Reasons for Britain’s
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N Propaganda Campaign 20
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tr 3 Cripps, India, and the Evolution of the Propaganda Campaign 40
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T 4 Britain: Preparation for Propaganda 59
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B 5 United States: Approach to Information Gathering 80
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N 6 What Britain Said about Cripps’ Offer 98
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y 7 What America Heard about Cripps’ Offer 120
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d 8 Quit India: Gandhi’s Emergence 140
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w Appendix A: The Atlantic Charter, 1941 161
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D Appendix B: The Lend-Lease Act, March 11, 1941 163
Notes 169
Bibliography 197
Index 205
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List of Abbreviations
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9 FO Foreign Offi ce
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0 FRUS Foreign Relations United States
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e] GoI Government of India
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IO India Offi ce
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T MoI Ministry of Information
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N NP Nehru Papers
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e PD Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons
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C PPF President’s Personal Files
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E PSF President’s Secretary’s Files
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I RL Roosevelt Library
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N TP (1) Transfer of Power Documents, Vol. 1
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y TP (2) Transfer of Power Documents, Vol. 2
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Foreword
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9 Predictably, the writing of modern Indian history evolves over succeeding
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8: academic generations. As India led the dissolution of the British Empire,
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t there was a natural interest in how it all came about. The apparent rise
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] and triumph of a nationalist cause was a good story in itself, but was also
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m thought to have resonance for other jurisdictions in the imperial/colonial
m world and not necessarily in just the British one. As nation building led to
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environment through gender studies and minority rights to sport. The Sub-
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S altern Studies school emphasis on “history from below” spearheaded much
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even newer insights being promoted.
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e In many ways, of course, this is the practice of history, as G. R. Elton
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nt termed it so long ago, writ large: newer generations of scholars revisit-
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C ing the past to make some sense of the present. The essence of history, in
T many respects, is to help any social entity understand how things got to be
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the way they are, what the preconditions were, who were the main play-
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B ers, and how did they proceed and with what results. That is as true of,
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L say, Ramachandra Guha’s new analysis of post-1947 India as it is of Boria
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N Majumdar’s insights into Indian cricket or of the many writings on politics,
I the economy, literature, fi lm, or the Indian diaspora.
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y Placed in that context, this present book may be seen to highlight another
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d major Indian role and one that has become paramount in the past decade,
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d India in the global context.
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o For a long time in earlier periods, of course, India was seen in a global
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n mercantilist light. Travellers and traders both before and after Ibn Batuttah
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o combined a natural curiosity for the “Other” with concerns for commerce
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and political positioning in India over succeeding centuries. That, height-
ened with the coming of the British as they fi rst cleared out as many other
foreign powers, especially France, as possible to secure predominance, then
after 1857 consolidated India as the key beachhead in Asia. In the globally
strategic sense, that strand continued through the later 19th century amidst
the “scramble for Africa” then into the 20th century and its two massive