Churchill, America and Vietnam, 1941–45 PDF
Preview Churchill, America and Vietnam, 1941–45
Churchill, America and Vietnam, 1941–45 AlsobyT.O.Smith BRITAINANDTHEORIGINSOFTHEVIETNAMWAR:UKPOLICYIN INDO-CHINA1943–50 Churchill, America and Vietnam, 1941–45 T. O. Smith AssociateProfessorofHistory,HuntingtonUniversity,USA ©T.O.Smith2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-29820-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2011by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-0-230-298217-7 ISBN 978-0-230-34667-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230346673 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Smith,T.O. Churchill,AmericaandVietnam,1941–45/T.O.Smith. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. GreatBritain—Foreignrelations—Indochina. 2. Indochina—Foreign relations—GreatBritain. 3. GreatBritain—Foreignrelations—United States. 4. UnitedStates—Foreignrelations—GreatBritain. 5. Great Britain—Foreignrelations—1936–1945. 6.VietnamWar,1961–1975— Causes. 7. Churchill,Winston,1874–1965. I. Title. DS546.5.G74S662011 940.53(cid:2)597—dc23 2011021393 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 For Elizabeth Anne Smith ‘Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all’. Proverbs 31:29 This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements viii ListofAbbreviations x Introduction 1 1 Churchill’sConundrum 6 America,Rooseveltandanti-colonialism 7 TheAtlanticCharter,WashingtonandCasablanca 11 2 Churchill’sConceit 26 WashingtonandQuebec 27 CairoandTehran 39 3 Churchill’sIsolation 48 London 49 QuebecandCairo 64 4 Churchill’sRealignment 75 MaltaandYalta 75 Vietnam 87 SanFranciscoandPotsdam 96 5 Trusteeship’sDenouement 106 Resolution 107 Alostopportunity 116 Epilogue 125 Conclusion 130 SelectChronology 136 SelectPersonalia 138 Notes 141 Bibliography 166 Index 178 vii Acknowledgements In the course of researching and writing this volume I have incurred a number of debts which it is my pleasure to acknowledge. To all of the individuals and institutions cited here I would like to express an immense debt of gratitude, although the usual disclaimer applies that nonebearsanyresponsibilityfortheauthor’sconclusions. IamgreatlyindebtedtoProfessorJohnCharmley,withwhommany years ago I first discussed the idea of a book about the relationship betweenChurchill,AmericaandVietnam.Despitefiercecompetitionfor histime,heindulgedmewithadviceandtheopportunitytoshareideas. LikewiseIamimmenselygratefultomydearfriendDrLarryButler,not only for his helpful observations and encouragement during the evo- lution of this project but also for reading and commenting on large portionsofthetypescript. As the bibliography reflects, I am obliged to many scholars for their previousresearchinsimilarfields.However,Iamespeciallythankfulto those scholars that have taken a personal interest in this project and been unsparing with their time when needed. To this end I am most grateful to Professor Ben Kiernan, Dr Thomas Otte, Dr David Roberts andProfessorMartinThomas.Likewise,Iamindebtedtomycolleagues intheHistoryDepartmentatHuntingtonUniversity–ProfessorDwight Brautigam, Professor Paul Michelson and Professor Jeffrey Webb – for providingtheconditionsinwhichserioushistoricalresearchcanthrive andwithwhomIhavehadtheopportunitytodebateandsharemany ideas over several years. Equally, I am also grateful to my late teacher, Professor Ralph Smith, whose own pioneering research and generous supporthavebeenofgreatsignificance. The history students at Huntington University also deserve special mention – especially those who over the last few years have taken my seniorseminar‘BritainandtheEndofEmpire’oranindependentstudy. Their attitude of not taking anything that I have said for granted has beenanimmensesourceofencouragementandpleasure. I owe a special debt to the staff, trustees and individual copyright holders of the following libraries and archives: The Cadbury Research Library, Birmingham University; the British Library; the Centre for the Archives of France Overseas, Aix en Provence; Churchill College, viii Acknowledgements ix Cambridge; the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; theHarryS.TrumanLibrary,Independence,Missouri;HuntingtonUni- versity Library; the Middle East Centre Archive, St Anthony’s College, Oxford;theMountbattenArchive,SouthamptonUniversityLibrary;the NationalArchives,PublicRecordOffice,London;theUniversityofEast Anglia Library. If I have inadvertently infringed any copyright, I trust thattheownerwillnotifythepublishersothatthismaybecorrectedin any future editions. I would also like to thank Mr Philip Judge, of the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, for drawingthemapofSoutheastAsia. I am indebted to the Lilly Foundation for funding my Huntington University Research Fellowship in 2010, thereby providing a signifi- cant teaching load reduction towards my research. Likewise Dr Norris Friesen,AcademicDeanofHuntingtonUniversity,generouslyprovided additionalfinancialassistancetowardsmystudy. My publisher Michael Strang and his assistant Ruth Ireland have, yet again, demonstrated aid beyond the call of duty and have shown exemplary patience, understanding and support for which I am very grateful. Finally,Imustthankmyfamilywhohavecontributedthroughtheir encouragement to this study. The constant love, advice and support of my parents, Victor and Joan Smith, and my brother and his wife, Thomas and Helen Lyman Smith, have been invaluable. However, my greatest debt is to my wife Elizabeth, who has lived with this project from the beginning and who has accompanied me on many of the researchtrips.Itismorethanconventionwhichmakesmesaythatwith- outherIcouldneverhavewrittenthistome.Therefore,asasmalltoken ofthanks,thisbookisdedicatedtoher. T.O.Smith
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