Church History, Volume Two: From Pre-Reformation to the Present Day: The Rise and Growth of the Church in Its Cultural, Intellectual, and Political Context

1051 Pages·2013·12.24 MB·English

by  John D

CHURCH
HISTORY
VOLUME TWO
From Pre-Reformation to the Present Day
The Rise and Growth of the Church
in Its Cultural, Intellectual, and Political Context
John D. Woodbridge
and
Frank A. James III
To the readers who will use this book.
May they enter into the adventure of the life of the church
as they extend its history into the days ahead.
Contents in Brief
Maps, Charts, and Illustrations
Preface
1. European Christianity in an Age of Adversity, Renaissance, and
Discovery (1300–1500)
2. The Renaissance and the Christian Faith
3. Luther’s Reformation: A Conscience Unbound
4. The Swiss Reformations: The Maturation of International Calvinism
(16th Century)
5. Radicals and Rome: Responses to the Magisterial Reformation (16th
Century)
6. Reformations in England: The Politics of Reform (16th Century)
7. Refining the Reformation: Theological Currents in the Seventeenth
Century
8. Christianity in an Age of Fear, Crisis, and Exploration (17th
Century)
9. Christianity and the Question of Authority (17th Century)
10. Christianity under Duress: The Age of Lights (1680–1789)
11. Christianity in the Age of Lights (1): The British Isles (1680–1789)
12. Christianity in the Age of Lights (2): The Kingdom of France (1680–
1789)
13. Christianity in the Age of Lights (3): The Continent of Europe
(1680–1789)
14. Christianity in an Age of Revolutions (1770–1848)
15. Adjusting to Modernization and Secularism: The Rise of Protestant
Liberalism (1799–1919)
16. Nineteenth-Century Christianity in the British Isles: Renewal,
Missions, and the Crisis of Faith
17. The Christian Churches on the European Continent (1814–1914)
18. Global Christianity: A Re-Centered Faith (20th and 21st Centuries)
19. Modern Theological Trajectories: Spiraling into the Third
Millennium (20th and 21st Centuries)
20. Catholicism and Orthodoxy: Collision to Collegiality (20th and 21st
Centuries)
21. Contemporary American Evangelicalism: Permutations and
Progressions (20th and 21st Centuries)
22. Christianity and Islam: The Challenge of the Future (21st Century)
General Bibliography
Contents
Title Page
Dedication
Contents in Brief
Maps, Charts, and Illustrations
Preface
1. European Christianity in an Age of Adversity, Renaissance, and
Discovery (1300–1500)
I. Introduction
II. A Pivotal Time of Struggle within and outside of the Church
A. The Epochal Tragedies of Massive Deaths
B. The Papacy: Plunged into a State of Crisis
C. The Political Order in Europe
D. The “Babylonian Captivity of the Church”
E. The Social and Economic Order
III. The Great Schism (1378–1417)
A. The Conciliar Movement
B. The Council of Constance: Healing the Schism
C. The Trial and Execution of John Hus
IV. The Reform of the Church
A. The Papal Struggle against the Conciliar Movement
B. A Union of the Western and Eastern Churches
C. Pope Pius II and Blunting the Conciliar Movement.
V. The Renaissance Popes
A. Refurbishing Rome
B. A Problem of Reputation
C. The Practice of Roman Catholicism in Italy
VI. “The Age of Discovery”
A. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
B. The Russian Church
C. Religious Persecution in the Age of Discovery
D. The Glory of the Age of Discovery
VII. Conclusion
For Further Study
2. The Renaissance and the Christian Faith
I. Introduction
II. The Renaissance: The Discovery of the World and the Discovery
of Man?
A. Petrarch: “The First Renaissance Man”?
B. Coluccio Salutati: Christianity and the Liberal Arts Conjoined
C. The Quest to Return to Original Manuscript Sources.
D. Lorenzo Valla: Humanism and the Goodness of Man
E. Marsilio Ficino: The Platonic Academy
F. Pico della Mirandola: On the Dignity of Man
G. Humanistic Studies
H. The Renaissance: Critics and Partisans
III. The “Northern Renaissance”
A. Erasmus and Paracelsus: On the Brink of the Reformation
B. Christian Hebraism
IV. Renaissance Men and Women
V. Conclusion
For Further Study
3. Luther’s Reformation: A Conscience Unbound
I. Luther’s Theological Evolution
A. The Monastic Life
B. The Evangelical Breakthrough
C. The Indulgences Controversy
D. The Sacrament of Penance
II. From Controversy to Reformation
A. The October Revolution of 1517 (Ninety-five Theses)
B. The Heidelberg Disputation (1518)
C. Encountering the Power of Rome
D. The Leipzig Disputation (1519)
E. The New Holy Roman Emperor
F. Luther’s Growing Defiance
G. The Diet of Worms (April 1521)
H. The Wartburg Castle: Luther’s Patmos
I. Luther’s Collaborators in Reformation
III. The Social and Political Impact of the Reformation
A. Wittenberg Chaos
B. The Peasants Revolt (1524–25)
C. Reformation and Political Realignment
D. The Schmalkald War
E. The Reformation of Marriage
F. The Reformation of Poor Relief
IV. The Dark Side of Luther
A. Philip’s Bigamy
B. Anti-Semitism
C. Luther’s Death
V. Lutheranism after Luther
For Further Study
4. The Swiss Reformations: The Maturation of International
Calvinism (16th Century)
I. The Swiss Confederation
II. Ulrich Zwingli and Zürich
A. Zwingli and Humanism
B. Zwingli and Swiss Mercenaries
C. Zwingli and the Plague
D. The Politics of Reform
E. Zwingli and the Radicals
F. The Marburg Colloquy
G. Death in Battle
H. Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger
III. John Calvin and Geneva
A. An Accidental Reformer
B. Calvin’s Early Life
C. Calvin’s Conversion
D. Calvin and Geneva
E. Calvin and Strasbourg
F. Calvin Returns to Geneva
IV. Calvin and Doctrinal Disputation
A. Calvin the Pastor
B. Calvin against the Libertines
C. Calvin and Servetus
D. Calvin and Luther
E. Calvin the Ecclesiastical Politician
F. Calvin the Theologian
G. Calvin and Evangelism
H. Calvin and Missions
V. Calvin’s Legacy
A. Calvin’s Death
B. Calvin’s Endowment
C. Wars of Religion
For Further Study
5. Radicals and Rome: Responses to the Magisterial Reformation
(16th Century)
I. Prologue
A. Social Upheaval
B. Disappointment with Luther
II. The Revolutionary Road
A. Reformers and Revolutionaries
B. Radicals and Anabaptists
C. Monogenesis and Polygenesis
III. The Many Faces of Revolt
A. Archetypal Antibaptists
B. Spiritualists
IV. Revolutionaries
A. Melchiorites
B. The Radical Kingdom of Münster
C. Menno Simons the Anti-Revolutionary
D. Rationalists
E. The Triumph of Anabaptism
V. Catholic Riposte
A. Prohibition and Inquisition
B. The Jesuits
VI. The Council of Trent
A. The Nineteenth General Church Council
B. Politics and Prelates
C. Scripture and Tradition
D. Justification
E. Sacraments
F. Ecclesial Reform
VII. The Spirit of the Catholic Counter-Reformation
A. The Persistence of Pius V
B. Tridentine Piety
VIII. Pondering the Reformation Aftermath
For Further Study
6. Reformations in England: The Politics of Reform (16th Century)
I. Introduction
II. Henry VIII’s Reformation
A. A Male Heir
B. Reform Triumvirate in the King’s Court
C. The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn
D. Dalliance with Lutherans
E. Conservative Retaliation
F. Progressives Regaining the King’s Favor
III. Edward VI’s Reformation
A. Protestantism Restored
B. The Ascent of Edward Seymour
C. Thomas Cranmer’s Reformation
D. Death of the Boy King
IV. Mary I’s Restoration
A. John Dudley’s Folly
B. The Return of Catholicism
C. Marian Persecution
D. Cranmer’s Last Stand
V. Elizabeth I’s Reformation
A. The Elizabethan Settlement
B. English Catholicism
C. The Puritans
VI. Foreign Affairs
A. France
B. Spain